Rainfall and temperature effects on flowering and pollen productions in cocoa

Omolaja, S. S.; Aikpokpodion, Peter O.; Adedeji, Samson A; Vwioko, DE

doi:10.4314/acsj.v17i1.54209

Cited by 31 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The tree-to-tree differences in the production of floral buds, opening of flowers, and formation of cherelles are consistent with the findings that cocoa flower initiation, shape and morphogenesis though dependent on the environment is regulated endogenously [22,23]. The monthly mean variations in the floral and fruit productions as well as fruit losses appeared to be the same during certain times of the year from September to December.…”

Section: Flowering Patternssupporting

confidence: 73%

“…Low light intensities suppress flower production in cocoa [29], and high light intensity though detrimental to the photosynthetic apparatus of cocoa is reported to stimulate flowering [30,31]. Omolaja et al [23] observed that high temperature and increased rainfall promote flushing and flower initiation and flowering intensity in cocoa. The fact that the cocoa flowered from the beginning of the raining season probably meant that cocoa reacts to the stimulus of water.…”

Section: Effect Of Climatic Conditions On Flower Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Floral Phenology of Upper Amazon Cocoa Trees: Implications for Reproduction and Productivity of Cocoa

2012

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A study of the floral phenology of cocoa trees was carried out between 2006 and 2008 at Kubease in the Ashanti Region of Ghana, using one hundred cocoa trees from ten farm plots. The objective was to assess the contribution of floral phenology to the productivity of cocoa. Cocoa like all tropical tree species exhibited seasonally-related phenological patterns involving overlapping cycles under both intrinsic and extrinsic controls. However, unlike most tropical plants, flowering was in the rainy season. The production of new pods or cherelles increased during the major rainy season (June, July, and August), but was evenly distributed from the minor to the dry season. Production of small and medium pods peaked in August whereas production of large pods peaked in October. There was a positive correlation between new pod production and pods abortion (r = 0.69; n = 100; P < 0.05). Temperature, light intensity, and rainfall positively affected production of floral buds and production of open flowers. However, rainfall had the greatest influence on the phenological cycle of the cocoa plant. The floral phenological pattern also coincided with the activity of the main pollinators of cocoa which resulted in enhanced reproductive capacity for increased production of cocoa.

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Section: Flowering Patternssupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Effect Of Climatic Conditions On Flower Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Floral Phenology of Upper Amazon Cocoa Trees: Implications for Reproduction and Productivity of Cocoa

2012

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“…Akibatnya, pertumbuhan dan produksi kakao menurun (Araque et al, 2012). Selain terhadap perkembangan biji (Osei-Bonsu, Ameyaw, Amoah, & Oppong, 2002;Oyekale, Bolaji, & Olowa, 2009;Moser et al, 2010), ketersediaan air juga berpengaruh pada fase perbenihan (Razi, Halim, Kamariah, & Noh, 1992) dan periode pembentukan bunga (Wood, 1975 cited in Omolaja, Aikpokpodion, Oyedeji, & Vwioko, 2009). Lebih lanjut dilaporkan Mommer (1999) bahwa sekitar 80% dari buah muda (cherelle) tidak akan mencapai matang akibat layu (cherelle wilt).…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Analysis of Agroecology and The Requirement of Supplemental Irrigation on Cacao Plants in Lampung

Hafif

2017

J. Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar

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ABSTRAKSalah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi produktivitas tanaman kakao ialah ketersediaan air. Defisit air berpengaruh negatif terhadap perkembangan bunga dan biji. Cekaman air dilaporkan sebagai salah satu penyebab rendahnya produktivitas tanaman perkebunan di Provinsi Lampung. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis karakteristik agroekologi dan kebutuhan irigasi suplemen untuk pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman kakao. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Pesawaran, Tanggamus, Lampung Timur, dan Lampung Selatan, Provinsi Lampung, mulai tahun 2012 sampai 2015. Metode penelitian adalah survei dan studi literatur untuk pengumpulan data primer dan data sekunder. Secara geografis areal penanaman kakao utama di daerah Lampung dibagi atas dua wilayah, yaitu wilayah barat yang terdiri atas Kabupaten Pesawaran dan Tanggamus dan wilayah timur yang terdiri atas Kabupaten Lampung Timur dan Lampung Selatan. Secara zona agroekologi penanaman kakao di kedua wilayah tersebut sesuai dengan rekomendasi penggunaan. Akan tetapi analisis kesesuaian lahan menunjukkan beberapa karakteristik agroekologi lahan menjadi faktor pembatas untuk pertumbuhan dan produksi kakao, antara lain pH tanah masam (≤ 5,5), kapasitas tukar kation (KTK) tanah rendah (< 16 cmol(+)/kg), kelembapan udara > 75%, dan di sebagian tempat ada bahaya erosi. Kendala lain ialah defisit air yang terjadi hampir selama 140 hari dalam waktu 1 tahun siklus pertumbuhan kakao yang terjadi pada bulan Juli sampai dengan pertengahan November. Agar produksi kakao di Provinsi Lampung meningkat, selain perlu perbaikan teknologi budi daya untuk mengatasi karakteristik agroekologi sebagai faktor pembatas pertumbuhan kakao, juga perlu aplikasi irigasi suplemen untuk menghindari kakao dari cekaman air, masing-masing di wilayah barat 340,5 mm dan di wilayah timur 209,7 mm. Kata kunci: Kakao, agroekologi, ketersediaan air, irigasi suplemen, Lampung ABSTRACT One of the factors that affect the productivity of cacao plants is water availability. Water deficit will negatively affect the development of cacao flowers and beans. Water stress is reported as one of the causes of low productivity on plantation crops in Lampung

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“…Unsur iklim yang paling berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan vegetatif, pembungaan, dan pembuahan kakao di antaranya ialah curah hujan dan suhu (Adjaloo et al, 2010;Ojo dan Sadiq, 2010;Omolaja et al, 2009 ). Oleh karena itu, kakao yang ditanam di bawah kondisi agroekosistem iklim kering akan memiliki karakteristik pertumbuhan dan hasil yang berbeda dengan yang ditanam pada agroekosistem iklim basah.…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Seleksi Karakter Vegetatif yang Berpengaruh terhadap Jumlah Bunga dan Buah Kakao pada Agroekosistem Iklim Kering, Nusa Tenggara Timur

Wardiana¹,

Rubiyo

2016

BPN

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The growth and development of cacao during dry climate differ with there in wet climatic agroecosystems. In other side, information about interrelation among plant characters is needed for plant selection programs. The objectives of this research was to analyze the vegetative characters and number of flowers and fruits of cacao in dry climatic agroecosystems, Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT), by using sequential path analysis (SPA) and structural equation modeling (SEM). The research was conducted in dry climatic agroecosystems at KP Maumere, NTT, with altitude 50 m above sea levels and sandy loam texture of soil, beginning from Januari until December 2013. The observation method was used in this study with two stages sampling procedures, purposive and simple random respectively, on the population of six cacao clones planted polyclonally in single rows in December 2011 with Gliricidae and Musa spp. as shading plants. Variable observed were twelve of vegetative characters, number of flowers and fruits per tree. Data were analyzed by using correlation, sequential path analysis (SPA) and structural equation modeling (SEM). Results showed that plant height, diameter and number of secondary branches positively and directly affected of 29, 45, and 80% respectively on the number of flowers per tree, whereas the diameter of primary branches negatively influenced of 72%. Number of flowers and diameter of secondary branches positively and directly affected of 32 and 37% respectively on the number of fruits per tree.Keywords: cacao, dry climate, selection, sequential path analysis, structural equation model. ABSTRAKPertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman kakao pada agroekosistem iklim kering berbeda dengan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan pada iklim basah. Di sisi lain, keterkaitan antar karakter tanamannya diperlukan dalam program seleksi tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis karakter vegetatif yang berpengaruh terhadap jumlah bunga dan buah kakao pada agroekosistem iklim kering di Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT), melalui pendekatan analisis lintasan bertahap (ALB) dan model persamaan struktural (MPS). Penelitian dilakukan di lahan kering beriklim kering, KP Maumere, NTT, pada ketinggian tempat sekitar 50 m dpl dengan tekstur tanah lempung berpasir, mulai Januari sampai Desember 2013. Metode yang digunakan ialah observasi terhadap populasi enam klon kakao yang ditanam bulan Desember 2011 secara poliklonal dalam barisan tunggal dengan tanaman glirisidia dan pisang sebagai tanaman penaung. Contoh tanaman ditentukan dalam dua tahap sampling, pertama secara purposif dan kedua secara acak sederhana. Peubah yang diamati meliputi 12 karakter vegetatif serta jumlah bunga dan buah per pohon. Data dianalisis melalui metode korelasi, ALB, dan MPS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada populasi tanaman kakao di agroekosistem iklim kering, KP Maumere, NTT, karakter tinggi tanaman, jumlah dan diameter cabang sekunder berpengaruh secara langsung dan positif terhadap jumlah bunga per pohon masing-masing sebesar 29, 45, dan 80%, sedangkan ...

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Rainfall and temperature effects on flowering and pollen productions in cocoa

Cited by 31 publications

References 5 publications

Floral Phenology of Upper Amazon Cocoa Trees: Implications for Reproduction and Productivity of Cocoa

Floral Phenology of Upper Amazon Cocoa Trees: Implications for Reproduction and Productivity of Cocoa

Analysis of Agroecology and The Requirement of Supplemental Irrigation on Cacao Plants in Lampung

Seleksi Karakter Vegetatif yang Berpengaruh terhadap Jumlah Bunga dan Buah Kakao pada Agroekosistem Iklim Kering, Nusa Tenggara Timur

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