Rainbow trout mount a robust specific immune response upon anal administration of thymus-independent antigens

Martín-Martín, Alba; Simón, Rocío; Abós, Beatriz; Díaz‐Rosales, Patricia; Tafalla, Carolina

doi:10.1016/j.dci.2020.103715

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Recently, the anal administration of thymus-independent (TI) antigens without additional adjuvants was investigated in rainbow trout. An efficient B-cell response was induced, which facilitated the production of specific IgM in serum and the differentiation of antigen-specific ASCs ( 122 ).…”

Section: Immunoglobulin Responses Following Mucosal Immunizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunoglobulins, Mucosal Immunity and Vaccination in Teleost Fish

et al. 2020

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Due to direct contact with aquatic environment, mucosal surfaces of teleost fish are continuously exposed to a vast number of pathogens and also inhabited by high densities of commensal microbiota. The B cells and immunoglobulins within the teleost mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs) play key roles in local mucosal adaptive immune responses. So far, three Ig isotypes (i.e., IgM, IgD, and IgT/Z) have been identified from the genomic sequences of different teleost fish species. Moreover, teleost Igs have been reported to elicit mammalian-like mucosal immune response in six MALTs: gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT), gill-associated lymphoid tissue (GIALT), nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), and the recently discovered buccal and pharyngeal MALTs. Critically, analogous to mammalian IgA, teleost IgT represents the most ancient Ab class specialized in mucosal immunity and plays indispensable roles in the clearance of mucosal pathogens and the maintenance of microbiota homeostasis. Given these, this review summarizes the current findings on teleost Igs, MALTs, and their immune responses to pathogenic infection, vaccination and commensal microbiota, with the purpose of facilitating future evaluation and rational design of fish vaccines.

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Section: Immunoglobulin Responses Following Mucosal Immunizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunoglobulins, Mucosal Immunity and Vaccination in Teleost Fish

et al. 2020

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“…Some studies have explored the effects of anal immunization. Although this immunization strategy offers many disadvantages from a practical point of view, it can be considered as a way to investigate how the intestinal mucosa directly reacts to antigens without having to protect the antigen from degradation in the upper digestive segments ( 86 , 87 ). In 2000, a study addressed how rainbow trout responded to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) when was administered intraperitoneally or anally ( 88 ).…”

Section: Local and Systemic Effects After Anal Intubationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results showed that fish injected with FITC-KLH developed higher antibody level of mucosal and serum anti-FITC antibodies when compared to fish immunized anally ( 88 ). Recently, the anal route has been used to study specific B cell responses to two model antigens, TNP-KLH (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl KLH), a TD antigen and TNP-LPS, a TI antigen ( 87 ). This study demonstrated that, in the absence of additional adjuvants, rainbow trout preferentially responded to anally administered TNP-LPS, while the response to TNP-KLH was much weaker.…”

Section: Local and Systemic Effects After Anal Intubationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the spleen, a proliferative response of both IgM + B and T cells was also clearly visible at early time points, while weaker proliferative responses were observed in the kidney. At transcriptional level, a significant decrease in FOXP3A, FOXP3B, CD4, and CD8 mRNA levels was detected in the intestine of TNP-LPS-immunized fish, which suggested a local downregulation of different T cell subsets ( 87 ).…”

Section: Local and Systemic Effects After Anal Intubationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systemic and Mucosal B and T Cell Responses Upon Mucosal Vaccination of Teleost Fish

Muñoz-Atienza¹,

Díaz‐Rosales²,

Tafalla³

2021

Front. Immunol.

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The development of mucosal vaccines against pathogens is currently a highly explored area of research in both humans and animals. This is due to the fact that mucosal vaccines have the potential to best elicit protective responses at these mucosal surfaces, which represent the frontline of host defense, thus blocking the pathogen at its initial replication sites. However, in order to provide an efficient long-lasting protection, these mucosal vaccines have to be capable of eliciting an adequate systemic immune response in addition to local responses. In aquaculture, the need for mucosal vaccines has further practical implications, as these vaccines would avoid the individual manipulation of fish out of the water, being beneficial from both an economic and animal welfare point of view. However, how B and T cells are organized in teleost fish within these mucosal sites and how they respond to mucosally delivered antigens varies greatly when compared to mammals. For this reason, it is important to establish which mucosally delivered antigens have the capacity to induce strong and long-lasting B and T cell responses. Hence, in this review, we have summarized what is currently known regarding the adaptive immune mechanisms that are induced both locally and systemically in fish after mucosal immunization through different routes of administration including oral and nasal vaccination, anal intubation and immersion vaccination. Finally, based on the data presented, we discuss how mucosal vaccination strategies could be improved to reach significant protection levels in these species.

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“…The major predicament with vaccine delivery by immersion is that practically it cannot be done in open water in ponds or cages floating in rivers and lakes. On the other hand, the major drawback with oral vaccination is that vaccines administered by ingestion are degraded in the acidic environment of the stomach/foregut before they reach the intestine where they are potentially taken up by cells of the innate immune system for local antigen presentation or transport to major immune organs (kidney/spleen) ( 45 ). There are few oral vaccines licensed to date ( 46 ), and new approaches using new technologies such as poly D, L lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticle vaccines that can protect antigens against low pH degradation in the stomach/gut are considered better alternatives.…”

Section: Disease Prevention Through Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Outer Membrane Protein-Based Vaccines Against Major Bacterial Fish Pathogens in India

et al. 2020

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Aquaculture is one of the fastest-growing food-producing sectors in the world. However, its growth is hampered by various disease problems due to infectious microorganisms, including Gram-negative bacteria in finfish aquaculture. Disease control in aquaculture by use of antibiotics is not recommended as it leads to antibiotic residues in the final product, selection, and spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Therefore, focus is on disease prevention by vaccination. All Gram-negative bacteria possess surface-associated outer membrane proteins (OMPs), some of which have long been recognized as potential vaccine candidates. OMPs are essential for maintaining the integrity and selective permeability of the bacterial membrane and play a key role in adaptive responses of bacteria such as solute and ion uptake, iron acquisition, antimicrobial resistance, serum resistance, and bile salt resistance and some adhesins have virulence attributes. Antigenic diversity among bacterial strains even within the same bacterial species has constrained vaccine developments, but OMPs that are conserved across serotypes could be used as potential candidates in vaccine development, and several studies have demonstrated their efficacy and potential as vaccine candidates. In this review, we will look into the application of OMPs for the design of vaccines based on recombinant proteins, subunit vaccines, chimeric proteins, and DNA vaccines as new-generation vaccine candidates for major bacterial pathogens of fish for sustainable aquaculture.

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Rainbow trout mount a robust specific immune response upon anal administration of thymus-independent antigens

Cited by 20 publications

References 33 publications

Immunoglobulins, Mucosal Immunity and Vaccination in Teleost Fish

Immunoglobulins, Mucosal Immunity and Vaccination in Teleost Fish

Systemic and Mucosal B and T Cell Responses Upon Mucosal Vaccination of Teleost Fish

Application of Outer Membrane Protein-Based Vaccines Against Major Bacterial Fish Pathogens in India

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