Raiding: Its Causes and its Consequences for Live and Let Live

Ashworth, Tony

doi:10.1007/978-1-349-04356-9_8

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…For the formal trials, tax rates were sampled without replacement from a pre-defined set: [(7,7), (8,8), (9,9), (9,6), (9,7), (8,5), (6,9), (7,9), (5,8)], from which participants had equal probability of being either stronger, weaker, or evenly matched. Three practice trials were played prior to the formal trials, with the tax rates of [ (7,7), (9,6), (5,8)]. Following the experiments, participants completed a post-experimental questionnaire.…”

Section: Experimental Samples and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This positioning placed region 1 at top, left, right or bottom, with three groups of participants assigned to each orientation. Players' bases were situated either at [ (3,1), (1,5), (6,4)] or [(4,1), (1,4), (6,5)], where the x-axis denoted rows and the y-axis denoted columns. The base positions were determined with the following constraints: 1) There was exactly one base within each color group for all orientations of the proto-map.…”

Section: Experiments 2b Blitzkrieg Vs Trench Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perceptual Gestalt at War

Li,

Tang,

Gong

et al. 2024

Preprint

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One tragedy of human warfare lies in the paradox that, even when both sides suffer immensely, achieving peace remains challenging1. Mainstream game theories model the decision of war and peace by analyzing the Nash Equilibrium of a game’s pay-off matrix2,3. Here, we explore whether perceptual Gestalt, even when completely irrelevant to the payoff matrix of a multiplayer war game, can nevertheless constrain the progress of war by providing perceptual focal points mutually acknowledged by rivalries. We demonstrated that compared to the Non-Grouping condition where all grids shared the same color, task-irrelevant perceptual gestalts formed by distinctive colors influenced war dynamics in several ways: First, they reduced the number and intensity of wars. Second, they constrained strategic decisions: Despite having the freedom to develop troops in any direction, participants overwhelmingly fought along the direction of the perceptual border. Third, they altered the type of war: While wars resembled Blitzkrieg in the Non-Grouping condition, with fast troop movements and a high annihilation rate, perceptual Gestalts led to Trench Warfare along the perceptual border, resulting in a much lower annihilation rate. Moreover, the hierarchical structure of perceptual grouping biased how three players formed alliances, with powers residing in sibling color groups of the perceptual hierarchy more frequently allying against the non-sibling power. Collectively, these results demonstrate that non-social visual perception—by parsing and organizing the battlefield into distinctive groups—can shape conflicts between rivalries by constraining their war strategies, thereby transforming a structure of perception into a structure of peace.

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Section: Experimental Samples and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experiments 2b Blitzkrieg Vs Trench Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptual Gestalt at War

Li,

Tang,

Gong

et al. 2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although humans likely rarely follow strictly formalised versions of tit-for-tat, a related rule of thumb is known to have been applied in frontlines of the First World War. The ‘Live and Let Live’ principle guided small-unit military behaviour in trench warfare, and involved refraining from offensive activity on the condition that this act of non-aggression is reciprocated (Ashworth, 1968: 411, 1980: 19).…”

Section: Moral Rules Of Thumb: Religion Law and Reciprocitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Rules of thumb, from Holocene to Anthropocene

Kaaronen

Manninen

Eronen

2023

The Anthropocene Review

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This article reviews how simple heuristics – ‘rules of thumb’ – have guided human adaptation and the evolution of complex cultures. First, we argue that rules of thumb have been important catalysts for the evolution of human knowledge systems in the Holocene past. Through a variety of examples and case studies, we discuss how human cultures have used simple heuristics in domains as diverse as foraging, agriculture, social learning, moral and legal judgement and technological development. We emphasise how rules of thumb are convenient units for cultural transmission, and how they can facilitate efficient decision making by making use of recurrent environmental features. Second, we caution that as Anthropocene environments rapidly change, many traditional heuristic problem-solving strategies will face challenges due to cultural evolutionary mismatch. Old rules may not function in new environments, creating potential challenges for traditional (ecological) knowledge.

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“…Although it is obviously true that the songs helped the soldiers survive, it by no means follows that their main effect was to increase the determination to fight of the troops in question. As Tony Ashworth's work comprehensively shows, 22 soldiers frequently had other priorities, such as working out how to avoid fighting without being caught by superior officers. Even if, as ex-soldiers themselves, Brophy and Partridge deserve their voice to be heard, does this discourse not represent a case of dominant ideology reinterpreting the voice of the dominated?…”

Section: "Patriotic" War Memory and The Soldiers' Songsmentioning

confidence: 99%

War Memory in British Soldier Songs of the First World War

Mullen

2017

War Memories

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He has published widely both on the history of trade unions and the history of British popular music. Articles include a reflection on "ethnic" music festivals and immigrant identity in Britain (1960Britain ( -2000, and on racial stereotyping in music-hall songs from 1880 to 1920. His full-length work on popular song in Britain during the First World War was published in French by L'Harmattan in 2012, and in English by Ashgate in 2015. His most recent work has been about the British music industry in the year 1900, and about the use of voice in British wartime music hall. Biographie John Mullen est maître de conférences habilité à diriger des recherches à l'Université de Paris-Est Créteil. Il a publié de nombreux articles sur l'histoire du syndicalisme, puis sur celle de la musique populaire britannique. Ceux-ci comprennent une réflexion sur les festivals musicaux « ethniques » et l'identité immigrée au Royaume-Uni dans la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle, une histoire de la grève dans les music halls de Londres en 1907, et une analyse des stéréotypes racistes dans les chansons populaires britanniques de 1880 à 1920. Sa monographie, La Chanson Populaire en Grande Bretagne pendant la Première Guerre mondiale a été éditée en français en 2012 par L'Harmattan, et en anglais en 2015 par Ashgate.

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Raiding: Its Causes and its Consequences for Live and Let Live

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Perceptual Gestalt at War

Perceptual Gestalt at War

Rules of thumb, from Holocene to Anthropocene

War Memory in British Soldier Songs of the First World War

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