Radon emanation from NORM-contaminated pipe scale and soil at petroleum industry sites

Characterization of the TE-NORM waste associated with oil and natural gas production in Abu Rudeis, Egypt

“…However, activities of 226 Ra and 228 Ra are lower than those found in the wastes generated by the Red Sea oil field (Shawky et al, 2001). The 226 Ra activity concentration found in this work is almost similar to the range of values reported in the waste generated in Australia (Holland, 1998) and USA (White and Rood, 2001), while lower than those found in oil fields in Algeria (Hamlat et al, 2001), Tunisia (Heaton and Lambley, 1995) and UK (Exploration & Production Forum, 1987). This comparison indicates that the variations in activity concentrations of radium isotopes content in TE-NORM wastes of different origins may be due to geological considerations.…”

Radon Migration Process and Its Influence Factors; Review

“…ROOD, 6) and WHITE and ROOD, 20) measured radon emanation coefficient from NORM-contaminated pipe scale and soil at petroleum industry sites. They firstly collected the samples, dried them, and put them in completely sealed containers.…”

“…In general, the diffusion coefficient in porous media is a 27) Austria, Jabiluka 7.2 Uranium mill tailing 20) U.S.A. 15 1.9 Petroleum waste 21) Saudi Arabia 15 -57 * Thoron emanation coefficient property of the diffusing species, the pore structure, the type of fluids present in the pores, and the adsorption properties of the solid matrix, the fluid saturations, and temperature. For radon diffusion in porous media, the diffusivity for the other isotopes of radon (e.g., 220 Rn) has been observed to be comparable to that for the isotope 222 Rn 53) .…”

Environmental Radioactivity of TE-NORM Waste Produced from Petroleum Industry in Egypt: Review on Characterization and Treatment

“…Therefore, the total absorbed dose rates increases with the activity concentration, and consequently enhances the radiological impact on the workers surrounded by the wastes. Algeria [32] Australia [34] Brazil [35] Brazil [36] Brazil [37] Congo [38] Egypt [27] Egypt [29] Egypt [30] Italy [38] Kazakhstan [39] Malaysia [40] Norway [41] Saudi Arabia [42] Tunisia [38] Tunisia [33] UK [6] USA [43] USA [21] Australia [34] Brazil [35] Brazil [36] Egypt [29] Egypt [30] Malaysia [40] Norway [41] Tunisia [38] As shown in Table 5, the concentration levels of radium nuclides in scale vary within a wide range being much higher than those of the sludge. According to the latest Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimation, the average radium nuclide concentration is around 18,000 Bq/kg and 2800 Bq/kg in scale and sludge, respectively [44].…”