Radiosterilization of cefotaxime: investigation of potential degradation compounds by liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry

Electron Beam and Gamma Radiolysis of Solid-State Metoclopramide

“…The small radicals (ethyl and methyl) formed by the ionization could either form volatile radiolytic products after termination reaction or react with adjacent molecules to form products with a higher molecular weight than the parent drug, as observed in previous studies (8). In the performed LCYMS analyses, no product with a higher m/z than metoclopramide is detected.…”

“…For these, radiolytic products are generally present in such low amounts that very sensitive techniques are required for their analysis (6,7). Up to now, many studies were devoted to the determination of radicals trapped in the solid matrix, but few have been performed on final products and on the mechanism leading to their formation (8,9). As past studies have shown that no direct correlation may be established between trapped radicals and final products (6,10), electron spin resonance (ESR) studies should be considered as an additional method to detect irradiated drugs, as is the case of irradiated foods (11).…”

Analysis of cephalosporins by hydrophilic interaction chromatography

“…The [M+H] + of peak 3 was 414, and the characteristic fragment ions at m/z 285, 241(cleavage of the ␤-lactam ring), 197 and 167 (Fig. 7b) were compared with those data reported [23]. And the result indicated peak 3 was deacetylcefotaxime sodium.…”

Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Changes in Pharmaceuticals Flown on Space Missions

“…The concept of radiation-induced chemical degradation has been suggested in numerous studies in the literature (25)(26)(27)(28), but little systematic research has been done in this area. Although gamma radiation is known to be used to sterilize pharmaceuticals in commercial environments, space radiation consists of mixed fluences of high-and low-intensity radiation (29,30) with a lower dose rate and longer duration of accumulation in contrast to exposure for pharmaceutical sterilization that typically last for a few minutes.…”