Radionuclide Doses to Infants and Children

Jg, Kereiakes; Ra, Seltzer; Blackburn, Brenna; El, Saenger

doi:10.1097/00004032-196510000-00002

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…These phantoms became known as the “similitude phantoms” because of their resemblance to children. This approach had its limitations because children, in general, are not just “little adults.” However, at the time, these phantoms helped answer a real need in the nuclear medicine community (Kereiakes et al 1965). …”

Section: The Evolution Of Computational Phantomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

An exponential growth of computational phantom research in radiation protection, imaging, and radiotherapy: a review of the fifty-year history

2014

Phys. Med. Biol.

225

227

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Radiation dose calculation using models of the human anatomy has been a subject of great interest to radiation protection, medical imaging, and radiotherapy. However, early pioneers of this field did not foresee the exponential growth of research activity as observed today. This review article walks the reader through the history of the research and development in this field of study which started some 50 years ago. This review identifies a clear progression of computational phantom complexity which can be denoted by three distinct generations. The first generation of stylized phantoms, representing a grouping of less than dozen models, was initially developed in the 1960s at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to calculate internal doses from nuclear medicine procedures. Despite their anatomical simplicity, these computational phantoms were the best tools available at the time for internal/external dosimetry, image evaluation, and treatment dose evaluations. A second generation of a large number of voxelized phantoms arose rapidly in the late 1980s as a result of the increased availability of tomographic medical imaging and computers. Surprisingly, the last decade saw the emergence of the third generation of phantoms which are based on advanced geometries called boundary representation (BREP) in the form of Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS) or polygonal meshes. This new class of phantoms now consists of over 287 models including those used for non-ionizing radiation applications. This review article aims to provide the reader with a general understanding of how the field of computational phantoms came about and the technical challenges it faced at different times. This goal is achieved by defining basic geometry modeling techniques and by analyzing selected phantoms in terms of geometrical features and dosimetric problems to be solved. The rich historical information is summarized in four tables that are aided by highlights in the text on how some of the most well-known phantoms were developed and used in practice. Some of the information covered in this review has not been previously reported, for example, the CAM and CAF phantoms developed in 1970s for space radiation applications. The author also clarifies confusion about “population-average” prospective dosimetry needed for radiological protection under the current ICRP radiation protection system and “individualized” retrospective dosimetry often performed for medical physics studies. To illustrate the impact of computational phantoms, a section of this article is devoted to examples from the author’s own research group. Finally the author explains an unexpected finding during the course of preparing for this article that the phantoms from the past 50 years followed a pattern of exponential growth. The review ends on a brief discussion of future research needs (A supplementary file “3DPhantoms.pdf” to Figure 15 is available for download that will allow a reader to interactively visualize the phantoms in 3D).

show abstract

Section: The Evolution Of Computational Phantomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This approach had its limitations because children, in general, are not just 'little adults.' However, at the time, these phantoms helped answer a real need in the nuclear medicine community (Kereiakes et al 1965).…”

Section: Stylized Phantoms (1960s To 2000s)mentioning

confidence: 99%

An exponential growth of computational phantom research in radiation protection, imaging, and radiotherapy: a review of the fifty-year history

2014

Phys. Med. Biol.

225

227

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This approach had its limitations because children are generally not just ''little adults.'' However, these phantoms were the first developed to answer a real need in the nuclear medicine community [22].…”

Section: First-generation Stylized Phantoms (Prior To the 1990s)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational Phantoms for Organ Dose Calculations in Radiation Protection and Imaging

2013

The Phantoms of Medical and Health Physics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Dosimetry for ionizing radiation has to do with the determination of amount and distribution pattern of the energy deposited in a part or parts of the human body from internal or external radiation sources. To protect against occupational exposures, dose limits for radiosensitive organs are recommended by international organizations and are adopted as national regulations. In both diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine, X-ray photons and gamma rays traverse through body tissues to form images of the anatomy, depositing radiation energy in organs along the pathway via secondary electrons. Accurate radiation dosimetry is essential but also quite challenging for three reasons: (1) there are many diverse exposure scenarios resulting in unique spatial and temporal relationships between the source and human body; (2) an exposure can involve multiple radiation types, each of which is governed by different radiation physics principles, such as photons (X-ray photons, gamma rays, and positrons), electrons, alpha particles, neutrons, and protons; (3) the human body consists of a large number of anatomical structures of diverse shape, composition and density, leading to complex radiation interaction patterns. Since it is inconvenient to place a dosimeter inside the human body, organ dose estimates have been obtained mostly using a physical phantom or a computational phantom that mimics the interior and exterior anatomical features of the human body.Historically, the term phantom was used in most radiological science literature to mean a physical model of the human body. In the radiation protection community, however, the term has also been used to refer to a mathematically defined anatomical model that is distinctly different from a physiologically based model such as that related to respiration or blood flow. In this chapter, the phrases, ''computational phantom'' and ''physical phantom,'' are used to avoid confusion.

show abstract

“…Numerous studies report measurements of the thyroid mass obtained by autopsy (Mochizuki et al, 1963;Kereiakes et al, 1965;Kay et al, 1966;Dunning and Schwartz, 1981;Killough and Eckerman, 1986). However, most of the sets of measurements are incomplete, either because some age groups are not covered or because few measurements are available for a specific age group.…”

Section: Biokinetic Model Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine-131 Releases from Radioactive Lanthanum Processing at the X-10 Site in Oak Ridge, Tennessee (1944-1956)- An Assessment of Quantities released, Off-Site Radiation Doses, and Potential Excess Risks of Thyroid Cancer, Volume 1

Apostoaei¹,

Burns²,

Hoffman³

et al. 1999

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Radionuclide Doses to Infants and Children

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

An exponential growth of computational phantom research in radiation protection, imaging, and radiotherapy: a review of the fifty-year history

An exponential growth of computational phantom research in radiation protection, imaging, and radiotherapy: a review of the fifty-year history

Computational Phantoms for Organ Dose Calculations in Radiation Protection and Imaging

Iodine-131 Releases from Radioactive Lanthanum Processing at the X-10 Site in Oak Ridge, Tennessee (1944-1956)- An Assessment of Quantities released, Off-Site Radiation Doses, and Potential Excess Risks of Thyroid Cancer, Volume 1

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About