Radiological evaluations of low cost wollastonite nano‐ceramics graft doped with iron oxide in the treatment of induced defects in canine mandible

Abstract

Wollastonite with/without maghemite [(Fe2O3), 0, 3 and 10 wt%] was prepared by facile wet precipitation method. Effect of Fe2O3 presence in the obtained nano‐ceramics on physical structure, morphology, size and the mechanical features was evaluated using X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, and universal testing machine. Moreover, the in vitro biomineralization was examined using simulated body fluid (SBF) by means of scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X‐ray, Fourier transform infrared, and inductively coupled plasma. An in vivo study was conducted on 24 adult male mongrel dogs to test the biosafety of fabricated samples in the reconstruction of experimentally induced mandibular bone defects. Bone density was measured through cone beam computed tomography analysis conducted at 1 and 3 months following surgery. Wollastonite was the main phase in all the prepared samples however little maghemite was developed in Fe‐containing samples. No remarkable changes were recognized for physical structure of obtained microcrystalline structures, however, a decrease in particle size was noted in the existence of Fe2O3 (10‐15 nm) when compared to the pure wollastonite (30–50 nm). Mechanical features were dependent on the included Fe2O3 concentration within the wollastonite ceramic matrix. The degree of biomineralization of the samples immersed in SBF was elevated with the increase in Fe2O3 percentage. Clinically, the reconstruction of bone defects was uneventful without any adverse toxic effect. Bone density was significantly increased at 1 and 3 months (p < .001) in grafted defects compared to control ones. Increasing the doping concentrations of iron oxide was associated with significant increase (p < .001) of bone density in all induced defects. Due to the impressive healing effect of current fabricated nano‐ceramics, they are recommended to be utilized as low cost bone graft alternatives.

Osteogenic potential of calcium silicate-doped iron oxide nanoparticles versus calcium silicate for reconstruction of critical-sized mandibular defects: An experimental study in dog model

“…Pre-clinical experiments are needed to verify biocompatibility, biofunctionality, biodegradability, osteointegration, osteoinduction and osteoconduction characteristics of bone substitutes. The dog is an ideal model for evaluating bone repair and testing bone substitutes ( Taha et al, 2010 , Taha et al, 2018 , Mabrouk et al, 2021 , Mostafa et al, 2021 ). In terms of bone size and weight, trabecular bone density, and bone turn over, the dog's macro- and micro-structure is very comparable to human bone, making it an appropriate model in pre-clinical setting ( Abdel Hamid et al, 2020 , Abdel Hamid et al, 2021 , Mostafa et al, 2021 ).…”

“…It was concluded that CS-doped Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticle is biologically safe and biocompatible. Additionally, CBCT scanning did not reveal any periapical or peri -disc radiolucency denoting absence of inflammation, infection, or necrosis within the surrounding bone in association with promoted bone regeneration ( Mabrouk et al, 2021 ).…”

“…The negative effect of iron on osteogenesis may be due to increased reactive oxygen species and ferritin activity, which was prevented by nanoparticle formulations ( Wang et al, 2016a ). The current study agreed with recent study by Mabrouk et al ., who clarified the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles during radiological evaluation of Fe 2 O 3 /CS composites on bone healing ( Mabrouk et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Analytical nitric acid (HNO 3 ) and ammonia solution (25%) were used. Two individual weight % concentrations of Fe 3+ (3 and 10) above/100 g of CaSiO 3 slurry were produced ( Mabrouk et al, 2021 ). Slurry was left to age while magnetic stirring to ensure comprehensive mixing; then dried and the resulting powder was ball milled and sieved into fine powder <0.037 mm.…”

“…Wollastonite (CaSiO 3 ) is Ca-Si based bioceramic that has been investigated as bioactive material for bone regeneration. It has excellent bioactivity and degradability beside being osteoconductive and noncytotoxic ( Mabrouk et al, 2019 , Mabrouk et al, 2021 ).…”