Osteogenic potential of calcium silicate-doped iron oxide nanoparticles versus calcium silicate for reconstruction of critical-sized mandibular defects: An experimental study in dog model
“…The use of biomaterials has evolved from being only biocompatible and bioinert substances replacing natural tissues to being functional bioactive materials that could have the ability to stimulate the human body for regeneration and healing or have antimicrobial purposes [ 23 ]. The use of animal models is mandatory to validate the bio-functionality, biocompatibility, biodegradability, osteointegrative, osteoconductive as well as osteoinductive properties of bone substitutes before being applied in clinical practice [ 24 , 25 ]. The dog represents an ideal pre-clinical model for studying bone regeneration due to the great similarity between dog’s weight, size, bone density, bone microstructure and turn-over and that of human bone [ 26 – 28 ].…”
The present study aimed to evaluate osteogenic potential and biocompatibility of combining biphasic calcium phosphate with zirconia nanoparticles (4Zr TCP/HA) compared to biphasic calcium phosphate (TCP/HA) for reconstruction of induced mandibular defects in dog model. TCP/HA and 4Zr TCP/HA scaffolds were prepared. Morphological, physicochemical, antibacterial, cytocompatibility characterization were tested. In vivo application was performed in 12 dogs where three critical-sized mandibular defects were created in each dog. Bone defects were randomly allocated into: control, TCP/HA, and 4Zr TCP/HA groups. Bone density and bone area percentage were evaluated at 12 weeks using cone-beam computed tomographic, histopathologic, histomorphometric examination. Bone area density was statistically increased (p < 0.001) in TCP/HA and 4Zr TCP/HA groups compared to control group both in sagittal and coronal views. Comparing TCP/HA and 4Zr TCP/HA groups, the increase in bone area density was statistically significant in coronal view (p = 0.002) and sagittal view (p = 0.05). Histopathologic sections of TCP/HA group demonstrated incomplete filling of the defect with osteoid tissue. Doping with zirconia (4Zr TCP/HA group), resulted in statistically significant increase (p < 0.001) in bone formation (as indicated by bone area percentage) and maturation (as confirmed by Masson trichrome staining) compared to TCP/HA group. The newly formed bone was mature and organized with more trabecular thickness and less trabecular space in between. Physicochemical, morphological and bactericidal properties of combining zirconia and TCP/HA were improved. Combining zirconia and TCP/HA resulted in synergistic action with effective osteoinduction, osteoconduction and osteointegration suggesting its suitability to restore damaged bone in clinical practice.
Graphical Abstract
“…The use of biomaterials has evolved from being only biocompatible and bioinert substances replacing natural tissues to being functional bioactive materials that could have the ability to stimulate the human body for regeneration and healing or have antimicrobial purposes [ 23 ]. The use of animal models is mandatory to validate the bio-functionality, biocompatibility, biodegradability, osteointegrative, osteoconductive as well as osteoinductive properties of bone substitutes before being applied in clinical practice [ 24 , 25 ]. The dog represents an ideal pre-clinical model for studying bone regeneration due to the great similarity between dog’s weight, size, bone density, bone microstructure and turn-over and that of human bone [ 26 – 28 ].…”
The present study aimed to evaluate osteogenic potential and biocompatibility of combining biphasic calcium phosphate with zirconia nanoparticles (4Zr TCP/HA) compared to biphasic calcium phosphate (TCP/HA) for reconstruction of induced mandibular defects in dog model. TCP/HA and 4Zr TCP/HA scaffolds were prepared. Morphological, physicochemical, antibacterial, cytocompatibility characterization were tested. In vivo application was performed in 12 dogs where three critical-sized mandibular defects were created in each dog. Bone defects were randomly allocated into: control, TCP/HA, and 4Zr TCP/HA groups. Bone density and bone area percentage were evaluated at 12 weeks using cone-beam computed tomographic, histopathologic, histomorphometric examination. Bone area density was statistically increased (p < 0.001) in TCP/HA and 4Zr TCP/HA groups compared to control group both in sagittal and coronal views. Comparing TCP/HA and 4Zr TCP/HA groups, the increase in bone area density was statistically significant in coronal view (p = 0.002) and sagittal view (p = 0.05). Histopathologic sections of TCP/HA group demonstrated incomplete filling of the defect with osteoid tissue. Doping with zirconia (4Zr TCP/HA group), resulted in statistically significant increase (p < 0.001) in bone formation (as indicated by bone area percentage) and maturation (as confirmed by Masson trichrome staining) compared to TCP/HA group. The newly formed bone was mature and organized with more trabecular thickness and less trabecular space in between. Physicochemical, morphological and bactericidal properties of combining zirconia and TCP/HA were improved. Combining zirconia and TCP/HA resulted in synergistic action with effective osteoinduction, osteoconduction and osteointegration suggesting its suitability to restore damaged bone in clinical practice.
Graphical Abstract
“…Composites of wollastonite doped with different transition metal oxides (for instance: iron, manganese, and copper oxides) exhibited outstanding biocompatibility, machinability, and appropriate mechanical properties, and therefore; it has been applicable for various biomedical applications [6][7][8]. Synthetic wollastonite can be crystallized through solid-state reactions, ceramic, glass-ceramic, sol-gel, and composites, and it may be deliberated as an appropriate and favorable biomaterial for dental implant applications as a substitute to marketable dental implants [9].…”
Glasses were prepared from nominal wollastonite-lithium silicate in the ratios of 87.5/12.5, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and glasses respectively. However, the glass of 25/75 ratio run through devitrification into lithium silicate and little quartz whereas, the other three ratios formed transparent glasses. The thermal behavior of glasses shows a decrease in the main exothermic temperature; which goes along with an increase in the lithium silicate content. Sintering of such glasses at the crystallization temperature given by differential thermal analysis (at 607 °C + 705 °C and at 661 °C) or at one step at 1000 °C, indicates the formation of three phases of pseudowollastonite [Ca3(Si3O9)], wollastonite (CaSiO3), and lithium silicate (Li2SiO3). The results of the in-vitro test by means of soaking in SBF for two weeks tracked by scanning the sample's surface and measuring the calcium and phosphorous ions using induced coupled plasma (ICP) in the SBF, exhibited that samples had improved talent to accelerate the mineralization of calcium phosphate and that the ratio of Ca/P declined from 2.55 to 1.86 upon increment of the Li2O ratio. The X-ray analysis shows the formation of hydroxyapatite on the sample’s surfaces. The biocompatibility and thermal properties of the premeditated glass ceramics secure exceptional properties and can be used to impress different biomedical applications.
Nanocrystalline calcium silicate powder was synthesized by adding different ratios of MnO2 ranging from 0.00 to 2.00 wt% to detect its effect on the structure and physical properties. The pseudowollastonite triclinic and low combeite of hexagonal phase with nanocrystallite size less than 85.0 nm were confirmed by the XRD technique and average particle size ranging from 7.8 to 27.9 nm as detected by HR-TEM micrograph images. Stretching and bending vibration of the O–Si–O band were shifted to higher values upon the addition of MnO2 were verified by FT-IR. Increasing both the density and ultimate strength with a reduction in the porosity leads to an improvement in the mechanical properties with the addition of MnO2. Additionally, the increasing MnO2 content showed an improvement in magnetic and optical properties, which exhibited a decrement in the optical band gap Eg from 3.9 to 1.6 eV. Hence, the MnO2 acts as a structural network modifier of calcium silicate glass–ceramics. Furthermore, the estimated values of the Lande g-factor (2.01534–2.01731) for the d5 system of the Mn2+ displayed a negative shift from the free electron (2.0023), and the hyperfine splitting constant A value was 87 × 10−4 cm−1, indicating that the Mn2+ ions are in an ionic environment.
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