Radiological detectability of minute hepatic venous invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma

Clinicopathological significance of the peritumoral decreased uptake area of gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid in hepatocellular carcinoma

“…The location of PDUAE was consistent with that of an APTHC in all cases. APTHC is considered to represent a mixture of (i) AP shunt because of portal venous compression and obstruction by an HCC, (ii) a blood draining area into the surrounding liver parenchyma from an HCC, known as “corona enhancement,” and (iii) decreased portal venous flow with a compensating arterial blood supply following retrograde drainage to the portal vein via the sinusoids by hepatic venous obstruction . Therefore, such a region may be in a poor nutritional state.…”

“…APTHC is considered to represent a mixture of (i) AP shunt because of portal venous compression and obstruction by an HCC, (ii) a blood draining area into the surrounding liver parenchyma from an HCC, known as "corona enhancement," and (iii) decreased portal venous flow with a compensating arterial blood supply following retrograde drainage to the portal vein via the sinusoids by hepatic venous obstruction. 6,10 Therefore, such a region may be in a poor nutritional state. Previous reports have discussed superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-enhanced MRI and Technetium-99 m galactosyl serum albumin ( 99m Tc-GSA) scintigraphy of tumorous AP shunts, which are among the causes of APTHC as mentioned earlier.…”

Preoperative prediction of the microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma with diffusion-weighted imaging

“…Although the significance of MVI as a predictor of poor posttransplant outcomes is still controversial, the majority of studies favor the idea of a relationship between MVI and poor posttransplant outcomes 9. Although macrovascular invasion can be detected with imaging studies, the preoperative prediction of MVI remains difficult 7, 8, 10‐16…”

Radiological assessment of hepatic vein invasion by hepatocellular carcinoma using combined computed tomography hepatic arteriography and computed tomography arterial portography

“…9 However, penetration of enhanced portal veins is not usually observed in the peritumoral hemodynamic change area on CTAP. 9,10 The decreased portal venous fl ow due to HVI could be differentiated from the peritumoral hemodynamic change area in HCC. The frequency of fi nding (c) observed in group vv1 was 16.0%, whereas this fi nding was observed in only two nodules (2.6%) of group vv0.…”

“…10 To our knowledge, combined CTHA and CTAP fi ndings for HCC with large HVI have not been clarifi ed. Such fi ndings associated with large HVI could also be identifi ed in HCCs with minute HVI.…”