Radiocarbon content variations and Maunder Minimum of solar activity

Kocharov, G. E.; Ostryakov, V. M.; Peristykh, A. N.; Васильев, В. А.

doi:10.1007/bf00686539

Cited by 51 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…McCallum and Wittenberg (1962), on the basis of measurements of the abundances of 14 C made in wheat grains instead of tree rings as used in the other measurements, concluded that the peak 14 C abundances occurred some years after the solar activity maximum, but not so far as to fall at the solar minimum. Kocharov et al (1995) reported similar results. These conclusions associate enhanced isotope creation with precipitation of radiation belt particles into the ionosphere, which can become highly disturbed during long-lasting magnetic disturbances, possibly accelerating some of particles to the required energies to drive 14 C formation in terrestrial atmosphere.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Values were compared with the abundance from tree rings shaped during 1950, interpreted as the reference level. According to more modern measurements made by Kocharov et al (1995), the variation in 14 C isotope abundance during the Maunder Minimum was about 1 per cent, but the time-averaged abundance varies with geographic location.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…On the basis of terrestrial 14 C isotope data from Karelia, Bashkiria and West Ukraine (Lvov and Busk), Kocharov et al (1995) found indications in the 14 C data of a roughly 11-year activity cycle between the 17th and 20th centuries, but a 22-year cycle during the Maunder Minimum. However, in an earlier paper, Kocharov et al (1992) appears to confirm modulation of the isotope abundance by cosmic rays with a shorter, 11-year periodicity, during the second half of 17th century.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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The Maunder Minimum and the Sun as the Possible Source of Particles Creating Increased Abundance of the 14C Carbon Isotope

Rek¹

2009

Sol Phys

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The Maunder Minimum was the time during the second part of the 17th century, nominally from 1645 to 1717 AD, when unusually low numbers of sunspots were observed. On the basis of numerous recorded observations of auroras in the early 18th century, the end of the Minimum could be regarded as around 1700, but details of sunspot observations by Jan Heweliusz (Heweliusz, Machina Coelestis, 1679), John Flamsteed and Philippe de La Hire in 1684 allow us to interpret the Maunder Minimum as the period without a significant cessation of activity. This Minimum was also recognized in 14 C data from trees which grew during the second part of 17th century.The variation in the production rate of radioactive carbon isotope 14 C is due to modulation of the cosmic ray flux producing it by the changing level of solar activity and solar magnetic flux. Stronger magnetic fields in the solar wind make it more difficult for cosmic rays to reach the Earth, causing a drop in the production rate of 14 C. However, more detailed analyses of 14 C data indicate that the highest isotope abundances do not occur at the time of sunspot minima, as would be expected on the basis of modulation of the cosmic ray flux by the solar magnetic field, but two years after the sunspot number maximum. This time difference (or phase delay) can be accounted for if in fact there are both solar and non-solar cosmic ray contributions. Solar flares could also contribute high-energy particles and produce 14 C and are generally not most frequent at the time of the highest sunspot numbers in the cycle. Solar flares, most frequent about two years after the sunspot maximum, could be the main source of increased 14 C isotope abundance. This idea changes established earlier relations between sunspot number of this time regarded as low and increased abundance of 14 C isotope, and allows us to interpret the Maunder Minimum as a botanical or statistical effect.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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The Maunder Minimum and the Sun as the Possible Source of Particles Creating Increased Abundance of the 14C Carbon Isotope

Rek¹

2009

Sol Phys

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“…Hence, the AD 774/5 event (as solar flare) either was not beamed that strongly, and/or it would have been much more than 4-6 times stronger than Carrington, and/or the lower energy estimate ) is not correct, and/or such solar flares cannot form (enough) 14 C and 10 Be, and/or the Carrington event itself was much softer than the AD 774/5 event. A similar conclusion was previously drawn by Kocharov et al (1995), Stuiver et al (1998b), and Usoskin & Kovaltsov (2010).…”

Section: Solar Flaressupporting

confidence: 72%

A solar super‐flare as cause for the ¹⁴C variation in AD 774/5?

Neuhäuser

Hambaryan

2014

Astron Nachr

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We present further considerations regarding the strong 14C variation in AD 774/5. For its cause, either a solar super‐flare or a short gamma‐ray burst were suggested. We show that all kinds of stellar or neutron star flares would be too weak for the observed energy input at Earth in AD 774/5. Even though Maehara et al. (2012) present two super‐flares with ∼1035 erg of presumably solar‐type stars, we would like to caution: These two stars are poorly studied and may well be close binaries, and/or having a M‐type dwarf companion, and/or may be much younger and/or much more magnetic than the Sun – in any such case, they might not be true solar analog stars. From the frequency of large stellar flares averaged over all stellar activity phases (maybe obtained only during grand activity maxima), one can derive (a limit of) the probability for a large solar flare at a random time of normal activity: We find the probability for one flare within 3000 years to be possibly as low as 0.3 to 0.008 considering the full 1σ error range. Given the energy estimate in Miyake et al. (2012) for the AD 774/5 event, it would need to be ∼2000 stronger than the Carrington event as solar super‐flare. If the AD 774/5 event as solar flare would be beamed (to an angle of only ∼24°), 100 times lower energy would be needed. A new AD 774/5 energy estimate by Usoskin et al. (2013) with a different carbon cycle model, yielding 4 ot 6 time lower 14C production, predicts 4–6 times less energy. If both reductions are applied, the AD 774/5 event would need to be only ∼4 times stronger than the Carrington event in 1859 (if both had similar spectra). However, neither 14C nor 10Be peaks were found around AD 1859. Hence, the AD 774/5 event (as solar flare) either was not beamed that strongly, and/or it would have been much more than 4‐6 times stronger than Carrington, and/or the lower energy estimate (Usoskin et al. 2013) is not correct, and/or such solar flares cannot form (enough) 14C and 10Be. The 1956 solar energetic particle event was followed by a small decrease in directly observed cosmic rays. We conclude that large solar super‐flares remain very unlikely as the cause for the 14C increase in AD 774/5. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

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“…The observed records of the SSN periodicities from growth rings of trees from places with different climates, from satellites and 10 Be concentration in polar ice show regular mean cycles near 6, 11, 22, 52 and 90 years in different time scales [2,19,20,24,33,38,46,47,51,52,63]. These fluctuations are present in centurial and decadal time scales [36]. Other researchers have shown that there is good correlation between solar activity and tree rings [18,33,45,47,51,52], and an 11 year cycle was also found with a short lag time in growth ring series in trees [46].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Impact de l’activité solaire, anomalie globale de température de l’air et oscillation décadaire pacifique sur les cernes d’arbres en milieu urbain

Chen

et al. 2007

Ann. For. Sci.

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-A tree ring width chronology developed from 58 samples taken from Chinese pine trees (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) growing in Shenyang city was studied to analyze the effects of solar activity, Global Surface Air Temperature Anomalies (GSATA) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) on annual radial growth. An excellent response of tree rings to solar activity and global environmental change was revealed, indicating that these urban Chinese pine trees are a suitable proxy for Sun-Earth system research despite their location in Shenyang, an industrial city. The information derived from annual growth rings of urban Chinese pine trees coincides with records from undisturbed trees in a natural location, and demonstrates significant synchronous response to solar activity in the periodic bands of 5-8, 10-12 and 20-30 years. The wave signal of tree growth was also affected and amplified by the combined effect of the PDO from 1900 to 2004 and GSATA from 1880 to 2004 with a short lag time, revealing 5-8, 11-13, and 20-23 year oscillatory modes. At 20-30 year timescale, Chinese pines validated the strong GSATA influence signal at 20.8 years, and may be the primary cause of the 20 and 23 year periodic waves of tree rings. Shenyang urban tree ring growth also showed high frequency variation (2-4 y) that may be due to low periodicity of solar activity, GSATA, PDO and local climate variations, especially in the 2-4 years band width.urban tree rings / sunspot number / Pacific decadal oscillation / global surface air temperature anomaly / wavelet analysis

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Radiocarbon content variations and Maunder Minimum of solar activity

Cited by 51 publications

References 10 publications

The Maunder Minimum and the Sun as the Possible Source of Particles Creating Increased Abundance of the 14C Carbon Isotope

The Maunder Minimum and the Sun as the Possible Source of Particles Creating Increased Abundance of the 14C Carbon Isotope

A solar super‐flare as cause for the ¹⁴C variation in AD 774/5?

Impact de l’activité solaire, anomalie globale de température de l’air et oscillation décadaire pacifique sur les cernes d’arbres en milieu urbain

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Radiocarbon content variations and Maunder Minimum of solar activity

Cited by 51 publications

References 10 publications

The Maunder Minimum and the Sun as the Possible Source of Particles Creating Increased Abundance of the 14C Carbon Isotope

The Maunder Minimum and the Sun as the Possible Source of Particles Creating Increased Abundance of the 14C Carbon Isotope

A solar super‐flare as cause for the 14C variation in AD 774/5?

Impact de l’activité solaire, anomalie globale de température de l’air et oscillation décadaire pacifique sur les cernes d’arbres en milieu urbain

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A solar super‐flare as cause for the ¹⁴C variation in AD 774/5?