Radio Interferometer Observations and Analysis of an Energetic In-Cloud Pulse Based on Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition

Fan, Xiangpeng; Krehbiel, P. R.; Tilles, J.; Stanley, M. A.; Şenay, Seda; Edens, H. E.; Rison, W.; Zhang, Yijun

doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3078738

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Finally, that the propagation speed of successive pulses is extremely fast is seen in VHF interferometer observations (Fan, Krehbiel, Stranley, Rison, et al., 2023; Fan, Krehbiel, Stanley, Zhang, et al., 2023) of a regular pulse sequence in Figure , for which the successive pulses have speeds of ∼10 8 m/s and are strongly overlapped. Due to the speeds being comparable to the nominal NLDN speed, NLDN‐detected pulse bursts would approximately reflect the actual current values.…”

Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Fan et al. (2018, 2021) and Fan, Zhang, et al. (2020) introduced empirical mode decomposition (EMD) (Huang & Wu, 2008; Huang et al., 1998, 1999; Rilling et al., 2003) to the analysis of LF/VLF electric field signals of lightning.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The electric field waveforms used for the inversion calculation are taken from the CHJ and SGC stations, which were at ∼12 and 20 km plan distance from the flash being studied. Fan et al (2018Fan et al ( , 2021 and introduced empirical mode decomposition (EMD) (Huang & Wu, 2008;Huang et al, 1998Huang et al, , 1999Rilling et al, 2003) to the analysis of LF/VLF electric field signals of lightning. Low frequency filtering and high-frequency noise reduction is applied to the electric field waveforms in 1 ms segments to determine the 3-dimensional structure and development of flashes.…”

Section: The Low-frequency Electric-field Detection Array Lightning L...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Channel Development and Electric Parameter Characteristics of Regular Pulse Bursts in Lightning

Fan,

Zhang,

Krehbiel

et al. 2024

Geophysical Research Letters

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Observations of a regular pulse burst (RPB) at the end of a K‐event are analyzed utilizing a simple geometric model and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to estimate the currents and propagation speeds of successive pulses of the RPB. The results show that the current of successive pulses is strongly overlapped and, for typical speeds of continuously propagating K‐events, are unphysically large (88 kA), exceeding the currents of most strokes to ground. By default, the unphysical nature of the result, coupled with very high frequency interferometer observations of an RPB in Florida, shows that the propagation speed of the pulses is significantly faster than expected, namely ∼0.6–1.8 × 108 m/s. This reduces the inferred current from 88 kA down to 6–18 kA, typical of intracloud events. The fast propagation speed of the stepping is explained by successive pulses retracing much of the path of the preceding pulses due to the successive pulses being strongly overlapped.

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Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Low-frequency Electric-field Detection Array Lightning L...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Channel Development and Electric Parameter Characteristics of Regular Pulse Bursts in Lightning

Fan,

Zhang,

Krehbiel

et al. 2024

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…Although EMD has been very effective, some problems still remain such as mode mixing, which occurs when a mode cannot be separated as a single IMF but will remain mixed in with other IMFs. Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) has been proposed as a solution to the problem of mode mixing and has been used in many applications (X. Chen & Zhao, 2012; Fan et al., 2021, 2022; N. E. Huang et al., 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) has been proposed as a solution to the problem of mode mixing and has been used in many applications (X. Chen & Zhao, 2012;Fan et al, 2021Fan et al, , 2022N. E. Huang et al, 1998).…”

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confidence: 99%

Analysis of Narrow Bipolar Events Using Mode Decomposition Methods

Senay,

Krehbiel,

da Silva

et al. 2023

JGR Atmospheres

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Multi‐resolution analysis methods can reveal the underlying physical dynamics of nonstationary signals, such as those from lightning. In this paper we demonstrate the application of two multi‐resolution analysis methods: Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) and Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) in a comparative way in the analysis of electric field change waveforms from lightning. EEMD and VMD decompose signals into a set of Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs). The IMFs can be combined using distance and divergence metrics to obtain noise reduction or to obtain new waveforms that isolate the physical processes of interest while removing irrelevant components of the original signal. We apply the EEMD and VMD methods to the observations of three close Narrow Bipolar Events (NBEs) that were reported by Rison et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10721). The ΔE observations reveal the occurrence of complex oscillatory processes after the main NBE sferic. We show that both EEMD and VMD are able to isolate the oscillations from the main NBE, with VMD being more effective of the two methods since it requires the least user supervision. The oscillations are found to begin at the end of the NBEs' downward fast positive breakdown, and appear to be produced by a half‐wavelength standing wave within a weakly‐conducting resonant ionization cavity left behind in the wake of the streamer‐based NBE event. Additional analysis shows that one of the NBEs was likely initiated by an energetic cosmic ray shower, and also corrects a misinterpretation in the literature that fast breakdown is an artifact of NBE‐like events in interferometer observations.

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A Low Computational Cost Lightning Mapping Algorithm With a Nonuniform L-Shaped Array: Principle and Verification

Chen

Wang

et al. 2022

IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing

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Radio Interferometer Observations and Analysis of an Energetic In-Cloud Pulse Based on Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition

Cited by 5 publications

References 37 publications

Channel Development and Electric Parameter Characteristics of Regular Pulse Bursts in Lightning

Channel Development and Electric Parameter Characteristics of Regular Pulse Bursts in Lightning

Analysis of Narrow Bipolar Events Using Mode Decomposition Methods

A Low Computational Cost Lightning Mapping Algorithm With a Nonuniform L-Shaped Array: Principle and Verification

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