Radical-Scavenging Activity of a Sunscreen Enriched by Antioxidants Providing Protection in the Whole Solar Spectral Range

Souza, Carla; Campos, Patrícia Maria Berardo Gonçalves Maia; Schanzer, Sabine; Albrecht, Stefanie; Lohan, Silke B.; Lademann, Jürgen; Darvin, Maxim E.; Meinke, Martina C.

doi:10.1159/000458158

Cited by 30 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…RS and CRM have been widely used in skin research for clinical and cosmetic purposes within the last decade. RS and CRM are fully automated and easy‐to‐perform techniques allowing to distinguish structural and molecular changes of the tissue with high sensitivity and spatial resolution, for example, to determine the penetration depth of topically applied substances . Caspers et al presented a method for depth‐resolved calculation of the water mass concentration profile, based on the intensity ratio between the Raman band of water (3350‐3550 cm −1 ) and proteins (2910‐2965 cm −1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen bound water profiles in the skin influenced by optical clearing molecular agents—Quantitative analysis using confocal Raman microscopy

Sdobnov

Darvin

Schleusener

et al. 2019

Journal of Biophotonics

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Confocal Raman microscopy has been used to measure depth‐dependent profiles of porcine skin ex vivo in the high wavenumber region after application of molecular optical clearing agents (OCAs). Glycerol (70%) and iohexol (100% Omnipaque [300]) water solutions were used as OCAs and topically applied to porcine ear skin for 30 and 60 minutes. Using Gaussian function–based deconvolution, the changes of hydrogen bound water molecule types have been microscopically analyzed down to the depth of 200 μm. Results show that both OCAs induced skin dehydration (reduction of total water), which is 51.3% for glycerol (60 minutes), 33.1% for glycerol (30 minutes), 8.3% for Omnipaque (60 minutes) and 4.4% for Omnipaque (30 minutes), on average for the 40 to 200 μm depths. Among the water types in the skin, the following reduction was observed in concentration of weakly bound (51.1%, 33.2%, 7.5% and 4.6%), strongly bound (50.4%, 33.0%, 7.9% and 3.4%), tightly bound (63.6%, 42.3%, 26.1% and 12.9%) and unbound (55.4%, 28.7%, 10.1% and 5.9%) water types on average for the 40 to 200 μm depths, post application of glycerol (60 minutes), glycerol (30 minutes), Omnipaque (60 minutes) and Omnipaque (30 minutes), respectively. As most concentrated in the skin, weakly and strongly bound water types are preferentially involved in the OCA‐induced water flux in the skin, and thus, are responsible for optical clearing efficiency.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen bound water profiles in the skin influenced by optical clearing molecular agents—Quantitative analysis using confocal Raman microscopy

Sdobnov

Darvin

Schleusener

et al. 2019

Journal of Biophotonics

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“…Meinke et al recently proposed the radical protection factor (RPF) as an index of IR protection and tested the RPF of commercial sunscreens via the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of porcine ear skin biopsies. 15,16 Quistorf et al 17 developed an in vitro test procedure for evaluating IR protection by measuring spectroscopic transmittance. However, an in vivo human test method for evaluating the IR protection provided by sunscreens has not been developed.…”

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confidence: 99%

A novel in vivo test method for evaluating the infrared radiation protection provided by sunscreen products

Kim¹,

Bae²,

Lee³

et al. 2019

Skin Res Technol

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Background Infrared radiation (IR) exposure generates reactive oxygen species and induces matrix metalloproteinase‐1 expression in human skin. Moreover, while not as acute as ultraviolet radiation, repeated infrared irradiation can result in the photoaging of skin. Broad‐spectrum sunscreens can protect skin from IR, but no human in vivo test methods for the evaluation of sunscreens' IR protection effect have been developed. We aimed to develop such a method. Materials and Methods We included 155 Korean subjects in our three‐part clinical study. The IR reflectance of subjects' skin was measured using a benchtop model of an IR light source and a reflectance measuring probe. We measured the IR reflectance in relation to skin color and hydration level to set up our experimental conditions. We then calculated the infrared protection factors (IPFs) of cosmetic emulsions as the IR reflectance ratio between cosmetic sunscreen‐applied skin and non‐sunscreen‐applied skin and assessed the relationship between IPFs and the amount of sunscreen ingredients. Finally, this method was validated using several commercial sunscreen cosmetics. Results Skin color and hydration level did not influence the IR reflectance of subjects' skin. The IPFs of cosmetic sunscreens showed a positive correlation with the amount of inorganic sunscreen ingredients. Conclusion In this study, we developed a simple, fast, and ethically acceptable human in vivo test method for evaluating the IPFs of cosmetic sunscreens.

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“…Moreover, the combinations of vitamins C and E and polyphenolic extracts also demonstrated photoprotective effects, including in humans (Camouse et al 2009;Elmets et al 2001;Li et al 2009;Lin et al 2005). Another study also reported that sunscreen-containing UV filters and antioxidants (spirulina and dimethylmethoxy chromanol) had a clear protective effect in the UV region, preventing UV-induced ROS generation in the skin (Souza et al 2017).…”

Section: Protective Role Of Antioxidantsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Antioxidants as stabilizers of UV filters: an example for the UV-B filter octylmethoxycinnamate

Lorigo

2019

biomed dermatol

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Background: Sunlight is one of the main harmful exogenous factors that induce the reactive oxygen species formation. The human skin is the first line of photoprotection against harmful exogenous factors, such as UV radiations. The topical application of sunscreens, containing UV-B filters, is widely used to protect against UV-induced damage. Octylmethoxycinnamate is the world's most widely used UV-B filter in sunscreens. However, recent studies have demonstrated that this substance is an endocrine disruptor compound and with potential to damage DNA. Thus, the safety of this organic filter is a current concern for human health, and it was urgent to develop new photoprotective strategies. In this sense, due to the potential to neutralize the UV-induced free radicals, the use of antioxidants as UV filter stabilizers presented as a novel promising strategy. Research: The purpose of this review was to assess the use of antioxidants as stabilizers for UV-B filter octylmethoxycinnamate. For this, we discuss the chemical and physical characteristics of UV-B filter octylmethoxycinnamate, emphasizing the stability, photostability, and reactivity of this UV filter. The use of antioxidants in sunscreens will also be addressed, from a perspective of the main characteristics that allowed their use in sunscreen formulations. Then, the concomitant use of both was described from a historical and physical chemical perspective, always emphasizing the advantages and disadvantages of this association. Conclusions: The combination of antioxidants with UV-B filter octylmethoxycinnamate in appropriated formulations represents a viable strategy to protect the human skin against UV-induced damage.

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Radical-Scavenging Activity of a Sunscreen Enriched by Antioxidants Providing Protection in the Whole Solar Spectral Range

Cited by 30 publications

References 43 publications

Hydrogen bound water profiles in the skin influenced by optical clearing molecular agents—Quantitative analysis using confocal Raman microscopy

Hydrogen bound water profiles in the skin influenced by optical clearing molecular agents—Quantitative analysis using confocal Raman microscopy

A novel in vivo test method for evaluating the infrared radiation protection provided by sunscreen products

Antioxidants as stabilizers of UV filters: an example for the UV-B filter octylmethoxycinnamate

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