Radiation dose monitoring in computed tomography: Status, options and limitations

Abstract

In the last few years there has been an increasing interest on radiation dose to patients undergoing various diagnostic or therapeutic procedures with the use of ionizing radiation. Especially for CT examinations and interventional procedures, where it is known that patient doses are much higher than conventional radiography, new norms have been published that require to have appropriate radiation dose indices registered in the patient medical record. Because of these demands, dose monitoring has been recommended and adopted into many clinical practices as a routine procedure for every patient and every examination. Dedicated dose monitoring systems (DMS) that facilitate data collection and processing, statistical comparisons, reporting and management of radiation dose related information have been devised and are being used worldwide. In this review paper, a brief flashback to the reasons that necessitated dose monitoring in radiology will be first presented. Furthermore, since the focus of this manuscript is on CT, the CT dosimetry principles and metrics will be summarized. The limitations of these metrics will be also discussed, so that DMS users are aware of the semantics of the parameters shown in the DMS reports. The operation of DMS systems will be outlined to make users aware of functions, limitations, and available options of DMS systems. Furthermore, the usefulness of DMS systems as an optimization tool will be presented and discussed. Finally, information about the DMS solutions available in the market and relevant links will be presented.

The effective and water-equivalent diameters as geometrical size functions for estimating CT dose in the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic regions

“…Some of them rely on patient dimensions calculated from CT radiographs, but some can calculate water equivalent diameter from axial images. [23][24][25] The Deff for chest examination can be corrected for the presence of lung tissue to give a more accurate estimation of SSDE. 26 Approximating Deff using only one dimension, AP or LAT, would be very helpful in the clinical environment so that it could be estimated from the CT radiograph which is usually scanned in one direction.…”

Recent Advances in Computed Tomography Radiation Dosimetry

“…Conventional ionization chambers cannot be used to measure the absorbed dose as large beamwidths in CT scanners with multiple beam apertures are present. When a typical CT chamber (10cm) is used to determine the absorbed dose improperly, the dose profile for wide beams is likely to be underestimated [20], [21]. These patient dose problems can be easily addressed with a solid-state dosimetry CT dose profiler made by RTI Group Electronic, Sweden.…”

Editorial

“…I.A. Tsalafoutas et al [16] review the various steps of the introduction of the specific CT-dose quantities, their definition, measurement and recording. Recent solutions are presented like the concept of computer-based dose monitoring systems (DMS) which enables automatization of dose monitoring and recording for each examination, and beyond that a systematic analysis of the captured data to optimize the examination protocols.…”