Radiation Curing of Coatings

Senich, G. A.; Florin, R. E.

doi:10.1080/07366578408079448

Cited by 46 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…In order to achieve appropriate chemical stability and mechanical strength for such solution‐processed polymer films, their molecules need to be cross‐linked. Conventional cross‐linking approaches rely on the incorporation of cross‐linking agents into the solutions in which both the polymer and the cross‐linking agent are dissolved . These approaches require additional chemicals, as well as heating or irradiation, to complete the cross‐linking (curing) process, which may affect the functionality of the spin‐coated polymer films.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is thus an urgent need to develop a surface‐sensitive technique to probe the degree and depth of cross‐linked polymer films by HHIC. Therefore, we have investigated the development of an analytical methodology using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS), which is especially powerful in revealing chemical information from a surface . In this technique, a pulsed (primary) ion beam is used to bombard the surface of a specimen to generate (secondary) ions from the topmost monolayers (1–3 nm).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Depth profiling cross‐linked poly(methyl methacrylate) films: a time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry approach

Naderi-Gohar

Huang

et al. 2017

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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We demonstrated that the ion intensity ratio of C H to C H detected in TOF-SIMS provides a unique and simple means to assess the degree of cross-linking of the surface of PMMA films cross-linked by the surface sensitive hyperthermal hydrogen projectile bombardment technique. With a C sputter beam, we were able to depth profile the PMMA films and determine cross-linking depths of the cross-linked polymer films at nanometer resolutions. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Depth profiling cross‐linked poly(methyl methacrylate) films: a time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry approach

Naderi-Gohar

Huang

et al. 2017

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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“…The actual time of irradiation is therefore quite small-a point important for some of the later discussion. Operating parameters were set according to D = K I / S (1) where K = 66.1 Mrad ft/mA/min. The line speed is given by S (fpm) and I is the electron beam current measured in milliamperes.…”

Section: Dosages Of 15 and 17mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron beam effects on polymers: Structure–property behavior of radiation‐cured bis‐GMA

Thompson

Song

Wilkes

1987

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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SynopsisStructure-property relationships were investigated for the diglycidyl methacrylate derivative of bisphenol-A crasslinked by electron beam irradiation. This material, commonly called bis-GMA, is a viscous liquid a t room temperature which crosslinks to form a glassy network. The major parameters which were systematically varied in this study were radiation dosage, dose rate, aging time after irradiation, and post-cure annealing at higher temperatures. Measurements were conducted to quantify the crasslinking reaction and to characterize the physical properties of the resulting networks. Solvent extraction was done to determine the relative degree of network formation through the equilibrium swelling and the gel weight fraction after drying. Another method utilized FTIR to monitor the disappearance of double bonds as the crosslinking reaction proceeded. To characterize the thermal and physical properties, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical spectroscopy were utilized. Network density was found proportional to the irradiation dosage, with an upper limit reached above some critical dosage. Over the range of dose rate studied, this variable was not found to influence the degree of cure greatly. The croslinking reaction became diffusion limited as vitrification occurred. These phenomena were discussed in terms of the well-known time-temperature-transformation diagram. Free radicals trapped in these reacting networks due to vitrification exhibited a finite lifetime. Post-curing could be achieved by annealing at a temperature above the Tg of the initially cured network, as shown by the increase of the glass transition temperature from both DSC and dynamic mechanical results. INTRODUCTIONCoating processes have gained prominence in industry for large scale application of adhesives or other formulations onto a substrate (e.g., polymeric, paper, metal, etc.). Formulations have historically consisted of polymeric "binders," surfactants, adhesives, and fillers suspended in solvents. Thermal ovens are widely used to evaporate carrier solvents as well as to initiate crosslinking in reactive systems.More recently, solventless coatings have emerged to significance in industry. Development of solventless coatings using radiation crosslinking was expedited during the 1970s to battle rising energy costs and stiffer pollution standards. This momentum has been carried into the 1980s, as more economical radiation sources are becoming available, and, in many cases, radiation crosslinked materials possess certain desirable physical properties. The purpose of the study was to investigate the structure-property relationships present in a diglycidyl methacrylate of bisphenol-A (bis-GMA) crosslinked by electron beam irradiation. Bis-GMA is a thermosetting resin with a viscosity at room temperature near lo4 P. Its chemical structure is shown in Figure 1 . This potential coating ingredient is one of several that we are investigating in terms of its response to EB radiation.Earlier studies were done by Yilgor et...

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“…In addition, as the reaction in polymer chains takes place in an amorphous phase more readily than in a crystallite phase,= it is reasonable that the M, of EB-gel-65 was smaller than that of EB-gel-25. (8) It is obvious that the crosslinking brought about predominantly by the polymerization at the terminal acryl double bonds. In addition, the crosslinking density obtained from the stress-strain measurement was supported by the stress relaxation measurements above the T, (SOOC) and under a = 1.5 ( Fig.…”

Section: Crosslinking Density Of Polyurethane-acrylate Gel Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of polymer materials by low energy electron beam. I. Polyurethane–acrylate materials prepared by the EB and the UV solid-state polymerization

Ando

Uryu

1987

J. Appl. Polym. Sci.

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synopsisStructure and propertiea of films obtained by the electron beam (EB) and the ultraviolet light (vv) solid-state polymerization of polyurethane-acrylate prepolymer were examined to reveal the characteristics of these radiation polymerizations. The prepolymer was synthesized by the reaction of poly(buty1ene adipate)diol, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate. EB polymerization behaviors of the prepolymer produced a unique polymer film different from that obtained by W irradiation. Although polyurethane-acrylate films from the EB and the W solid-state polymerizations consisted mainly of amorphous and crystalline phases, it w a~ proved that the film from 10 W a d of EB irradiation at 25°C had higher crystallinity and larger crystallite size than the f i l m from W irradiation. This is assumed to be due to the reason that EB irradiation below the melting point of the polyurethane-acrylate can lead to crosslinking without the destruction of the original crystalline structure. On the other hand, the UV polymerization proceeded with the melting of the crystalline structure by absorbing other lights than the W absorbed by a photoinitiator. The EB-polymerized film which was crosslinked more densely than the UV-polymerized film showed higher mechanical strength than the latter film.

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Radiation Curing of Coatings

Cited by 46 publications

References 54 publications

Depth profiling cross‐linked poly(methyl methacrylate) films: a time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry approach

Depth profiling cross‐linked poly(methyl methacrylate) films: a time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry approach

Electron beam effects on polymers: Structure–property behavior of radiation‐cured bis‐GMA

Synthesis of polymer materials by low energy electron beam. I. Polyurethane–acrylate materials prepared by the EB and the UV solid-state polymerization

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