Radar Sensors for Autonomous Driving: Modulation Schemes and Interference Mitigation

Roos, Fabian; Bechter, Jonathan; Knill, Christina; Schweizer, Benedikt; Waldschmidt, Christian

doi:10.1109/mmm.2019.2922120

Cited by 134 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Detect and repair means recognizing impacted receive signals and restoring the waveform as close as possible to the undistorted original [64], [65]. In addition to FMCW, this approach has also been demonstrated for modulation schemes like phase modulated continuous wave (PMCW) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) radar [66]. Avoidance is a well-known practice in RF communication and used universally in lightly regulated frequency bands.…”

Section: Interferencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) and phase modulated continuous wave (PMCW; in automotive context often called PN radar) are the main digital modulation schemes under investigation for future automotive radars. Comprehensive overview papers on digital modulation schemes and interference of automotive radars have recently been published [66], [69], therefore, this topic is only mentioned briefly here. Since resolution limits are not a function of the type of modulation scheme but a property of bandwidth, observation time and aperture, better imaging quality is not an advantage of digital modulations.…”

Section: A Digital Modulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Automotive Radar — From First Efforts to Future Systems

2021

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Section: Interferencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Digital Modulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automotive Radar — From First Efforts to Future Systems

2021

Self Cite

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“…After entering into the 21st century, with element level digitization and fully digital beamforming (DBF) architecture, phased array antennas have gained a much wider range of improvements in both capability and performance. With the important breakthrough with silicon(Si)-based phased array technology, it has been driven to a point affordable for a huge number of civil and commercial applications, including not only 5G communication and wireless localization, but also medical imaging, autonomous driving, and Internet of Things (IOT) that enrich our daily lives [7][8][9][10]. Nowadays, Si-based phased array technologies have been reported covering in a very wide frequency range from millimeter-wave (mmwave) to sub-millimeter-wave band, and even in terahertz (THz) frequency band [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact Analysis and Calibration Methods of Excitation Errors for Phased Array Antennas

Gao

Zhang

2021

IEEE Access

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Phased array antennas have played a very important role in many different areas and applications. It requires precise excitation of each antenna element by various synthesis techniques to obtain desired array pattern features. However, due to reasons such as manufacturing imperfections, component aging, and temperature variation, the realistic antenna element excitation inevitably differs from their expected values in practice. This paper presents a tutorial-like review to deal with excitation errors for phased array antennas. Two kinds of analysis methods, probabilistic methods and interval arithmetic (IA) based methods, are presented to evaluate the effects of excitation errors for phased array antennas. State-ofthe-art calibration methods along with various signal processing techniques are reviewed, their advantages and challenges are discussed in a comparative manner. Some other common errors and open research directions are also presented.INDEX TERMS Phased array antenna, excitation error, interval arithmetic, array calibration.

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“…In recent years, a significant effort has been made to develop advanced automotive sensors. Beyond ensuring higher levels of immunity against mutual interferences by using more complex modulations, the development is, above all, focused on reaching a substantially higher accuracy and resolution [7,8]. Both goals can be met using a wider modulation frequency band in the 77-81 GHz region, and more transmitting (TX) and receiving (RX) channels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the surface of any vehicle consists of areas with low reflectivity and areas with high reflectivity. That is why advanced, wide-band, high-resolution automotive sensors "see" any neighboring car in its view as a set of many targets, each corresponding to one high-reflecting area [7,9]. This is true for all other type of targets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Testing of Advanced Automotive Radar Sensors by Means of Target Simulators

Hudec

Adler

2020

Sensors

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The rapid development and wide commercial implementation of automotive radar sensors are strengthening the already considerable interest in matching radar target simulators. Such simulators boast promising results when used for both essential functional inspections of active sensors and the high-speed testing of numerous traffic scenarios while examining complex reactions of automobile electronic systems. For these purposes, advanced versions of target simulators enabling a generation of multiple targets moving at different velocities and ranges are required. The design, practical implementation and system programming of advanced sensor simulator setups require a detailed analytical description concerning all important technical aspects. An abundance of detailed information on the behavior and parameters of automotive radar sensors can be found in the references, but similar knowledge on sensor simulator setups is lacking. This article presents detailed analyses of the all-important RF parameters, where special attention is paid to phase noise, and its analytical description takes into account an even greater number of simulated targets. The derived analytical formulas enable both an optimal setup implementation and system programming of a wide range of practical testing procedures.

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Radar Sensors for Autonomous Driving: Modulation Schemes and Interference Mitigation

Cited by 134 publications

References 68 publications

Automotive Radar — From First Efforts to Future Systems

Automotive Radar — From First Efforts to Future Systems

Impact Analysis and Calibration Methods of Excitation Errors for Phased Array Antennas

On the Testing of Advanced Automotive Radar Sensors by Means of Target Simulators

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