Racismo Religioso, Discriminação E Preconceito Religioso, Liberdade Religiosa: Controvérsias Sobre as Relações Entre Estado E Religião No Brasil Atual

Abstract

Este artigo estende a análise de Ana Paula Mendes de Miranda quanto à complexa relação entre as ideologias raciais brasileiras e a hostilidade às religiões de matriz africana, bem como à "política dos terreiros" advinda dessa relação, situando-as em um contexto mais amplo de debates sobre o tipo de sociedade que o Brasil é e deveria ser. Para este fim, será examinado como as noções de racismo religioso, de discriminação e preconceito religioso e de liberdade religiosa foram e são articuladas de diferentes maneiras por tribunais brasileiros e por militantes de religiões de matriz africana, e como essas articulações são diferentemente posicionadas e constitutivas das contestações sobre as relações entre Estado e religião.

Pursuing Racial Order and Social Progress: Violence, Afrophobia and “Religious Racism” in Brazil

“…And although the Brazilian constitution guarantees freedom of religion, violence and discrimination against Afro-Brazilian religions are not declining. On the contrary, they have appeared with renewed intensity, as seen in the examples at the beginning of this article, and the Brazilian government has done little to protect Afro-Brazilian religious devotees (Marinho 2022;Miranda et al 2022;Hartikainen 2021).…”

“…However, rather than treating religious racism as a long-standing systemic form of racist religious prejudice, state officials often treat violence against Afro-Brazilian religions as a series of isolated incidents of religious intolerance. Although the state no longer targets Afro-Brazilian religions, it's unclear stance on whether religious freedom should protect Afro-Brazilian religions from rhetorical attacks or protect Neo-Pentecostals' freedom of speech has shown tacit complicity in the rise in violent religious racism (Hartikainen 2021). According to Paula Márcia de Castro Marinho (2022), the evangelicalization of Brazilian politics has produced "a certain fearlessness of the civil and criminal implications of these acts [violent forms of religious racism]" (497, my translation).…”

“…In fact, examining religious racism through the lens of precolonial religious alterity and Afrophobia foregrounds that racism and religious intolerance have never been separate social phenomena in the Black Atlantic. This perspective is crucial to current debates concerning judicial responses to racism and religious racism in Brazil (see Hartikainen 2021;Machado, Silva, and Santos 2019) and integral to any sincere effort to decolonize Latin America and the Caribbean.…”

Secularization, secularism and laicidade in Brazil: Rethinking global theoretical assumptions

“…Despite the social significance of Candomblé and other religions of African origin, there are almost no studies dedicated to understanding the relationship between members of other religions and secularism. Two recent exceptions are the work by Hartikainen (2018, 2021) and Vital da Cunha (2021b). Hartikainen addresses the issue of legal regimes for complaints of violence and religious intolerance—showing the link between religion and race based on secularism and state responses while Vital da Cunha shows the creation of the “Frente Parlamentar de Terreiros” (an Afro‐Religion Caucus) to influence political representatives and governmental decisions from a left‐wing perspective supported by the black movement to counterbalance Pentecostal attempts to disrupt the secular State.…”

Laicidade Como Não Dominação

“…9 Para uma exposição e análise dos casos jurídicos envolvendo esse tipo de concepção da laicidade, embora sob o uso do termo "secularismo", cf. Hartikainen, (2021).…”