Racial Variations in Appetite-Related Hormones, Appetite, and Laboratory-Based Energy Intake from the E-MECHANIC Randomized Clinical Trial

Abstract

African Americans (AAs) have a higher obesity risk than Whites; however, it is unclear if appetite-related hormones and food intake are implicated. We examined differences in appetite-related hormones, appetite, and food intake between AAs (n = 53) and Whites (n = 111) with overweight or obesity. Participants were randomized into a control group or into supervised, controlled exercise groups at 8 kcal/kg of body weight/week (KKW) or 20 KKW. Participants consumed lunch and dinner at baseline and follow-up, with appetite and hormones measured before and after meals (except leptin). At baseline, AAs had lower peptide YY (PYY; p < 0.01) and a blunted elevation in PYY after lunch (p = 0.01), as well as lower ghrelin (p = 0.02) and higher leptin (p < 0.01) compared to Whites. Despite desire to eat being lower and satisfaction being higher in AAs relative to Whites (p ≤ 0.03), no racial differences in food intake were observed. Compared to Whites, leptin increased in the 8 KKW group in AAs (p = 0.01), yet no other race-by-group interactions were evident. Differences in appetite-related hormones between AAs and Whites exist; however, their influence on racial disparities in appetite, food intake, and obesity within this trial was limited.

Effect of exercise training interventions on energy intake and appetite control in adults with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…Forty‐six studies reported BMI at baseline, with the median (range) being 30.6 (27.0–38.4) kg/m 2 . Males and females were included in 26 studies, 6 , 7 , 16 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 males only in eight studies, 27 , 28 , 32 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 and females only in 14 studies 25 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 ; the overall median percentage of females was 67% (0%–100%). Five studies included subjects with comorbidities: three with prediabetes, 42 , 43 …”

“…Duration of exercise training ranged from 2 to 72 weeks, with a median duration of 12 weeks, on median 5 (2–7) days/week. Endurance/aerobic training was performed in 43 studies, 6 , 7 , 16 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 resistance training in five studies, 34 , 42 , 43 , 52 , 55 a combination of aerobic and resistance training in one study, 34 and high‐intensity interval training/intermittent exercise in five studies. 31 ,...…”

“…Forty-six studies reported BMI at baseline, with the median (range) being 30.6 (27.0-38.4) kg/m 2 . Males and females were included in 26 studies, 6,7,16,[29][30][31][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53] males only in eight studies, 27,28,32,[54][55][56][57][58] and females only in 14 studies 25,[59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71] ; the overall median percentage of females was 67% (0%-100%). Five studies included subjects with comorbidities: three with prediabetes, [42]…”