Racial Representation and Brazilian Politics: Black Members of the National Congress, 1983-1999

Johnson, Ollie A.

doi:10.2307/166456

Cited by 50 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…17 The significantly different rates at which Afro-Brazilian and white candidates highlight racial issues in their HGPE ads suggest that Afro-Brazilian may be more likely to address racial issues when elected. This finding is consistent with the growing body of research on the behavior of Afro-Brazilian elected officials (Boas and Smith 2019;Johnson 1998Johnson , 2008Johnson , 2015. Future studies should examine whether politicians who mention racial issues in their campaign ads focus on racial issues when elected.…”

Section: Campaign Propaganda Contentsupporting

confidence: 84%

Candidate Advertisements and Afro-Brazilian Political Marginalization

Janusz

Campos

2021

Lat. American Res. Rev.

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Television is an important political tool in Latin America. In recognition of its ability to shape public opinion and influence political behavior, Brazilian electoral authorities provide political parties with free television airtime in the weeks preceding elections. While Brazil's publicly financed electoral program levels the playing field between parties, it may contribute to intraparty resource disparities. This article contends that racial considerations influence how party elites distribute television airtime and thus contribute to the political marginalization of Afro-Brazilians. Using original data from Rio de Janeiro's 2012 municipal elections, it shows that party officials provide Afro-Brazilian candidates significantly less airtime than their white counterparts, even after controlling for theoretically important nonracial candidate characteristics. Moreover, it shows that there are racial differences in how candidates use the airtime they are awarded. Afro-Brazilian candidates are nearly ten times more likely than whites to focus on racial issues in their campaign ads. These results provide new insight about why Afro-Brazilians are rarely elected to public office and, when elected, the types of issues they may address.A televisão é uma importante ferramenta política na América Latina. Reconhecendo sua habilidade em conformar uma opinião pública e influenciar o comportamento político, a lei eleitoral brasileira concede tempo gratuito de TV para que os partidos políticos possam apresentar suas campanhas nas semanas anteriores ao período eleitoral. Enquanto o horário político eleitoral gratuito busca nivelar a competição entre esses partidos, ele expressa também as desigualdades internas a eles na distribuição do tempo de TV dentre seus candidatos. Nosso argumento neste artigo é que vieses raciais influenciam o modo como os dirigentes partidários distribuem o tempo de televisão gratuito e, assim, contribuem para a marginalização política das candidaturas afro-brasileiras (pardas e pretas). Utilizando dados inéditos das eleições municipais de 2012 no município do Rio de Janeiro, mostramos que dirigentes partidários distribuem menos tempo de televisão para candidatos afro-brasileiros do que para seus pares brancos, mesmo quando controlamos outras de suas características. Mais importante ainda, nós encontramos diferenças no modo como os candidatos utilizam o tempo de campanha que recebem. Candidatos afro-brasileiros tendem a focar dez vezes mais em questões raciais do que brancos, por exemplo. Esses resultados trazem novas perspectivas sobre porque candidatos afro-brasileiros são pouco eleitos e os tipos de questões que eles abordam quando eleitos.Television is central to modern political campaigns and arguably the most politically influential medium in Latin America. As a result of historically low levels of literacy and limited newspaper circulation, Latin Americans learn about politics principally by watching television (

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Section: Campaign Propaganda Contentsupporting

confidence: 84%

Candidate Advertisements and Afro-Brazilian Political Marginalization

Janusz

Campos

2021

Lat. American Res. Rev.

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“…So far, we have addressed candidates’ voting potential and argued that the more marginal pre-candidates on candidate lists, namely newcomers and losers, benefit relatively more as a result of the additional slots. But besides electoral experience, will demographic groups who are dramatically underrepresented in Brazilian politics, such as women (Miguel, 2008; Oliveira and Da Silva, 2020; Wylie and Dos Santos, 2016) and blacks (Bailey, 2009; Bueno and Dunning, 2017; Campos and Machado, 2015; Johnson, 1998), also benefit from the possibility of a party nominating more marginal candidates? Following the same arguments which led us to expect an increase in the participation of weak candidates, it is expected that the additional slots in candidate lists will increase the participation of minority candidates.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Length of candidate lists and political careers: Quasi-experimental evidence from Brazil

Hott

Menezes-Filho

2023

Party Politics

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This paper provides causal estimates of the effects of increases in the size of candidate lists on the political careers of newcomers to the political arena. We explore an exogenous discontinuity in district magnitude that allows parties to expand their candidate lists in the Brazilian open-list local elections and find that the additional candidacies are allocated to weaker candidates, mainly newcomers, who end up occupying a significant share of the additional seats. We also find that the electoral experience provided by the additional candidacies increases the number of newcomers elected in their second attempt.

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“…Brazilian elites and diplomats could not have imagined that their much celebrated race relations order, in conjunction with celebrations of historical Africa, could produce such unintended results in African eyes. Far from being accorded a special status and lauded for its positive race relations, Brazil appeared contradictory and no different from Euro-American countries (see Saraiva 1996, Johnson 1998. Because the African presence and heritage -to which Brazil itself had drawn attention in the first placeappeared to be totally absent in the public realm of Brazilian international relations, and also because of the marginalization of black Brazilians from critical centers of national life, the claims to African affinities appeared to be hollow symbolic gestures.…”

Section: Anani Dzidzienyomentioning

confidence: 99%