Racial Disparities and COVID-19: Exploring the Relationship Between Race/Ethnicity, Personal Factors, Health Access/Affordability, and Conditions Associated with an Increased Severity of COVID-19

Clay, Shondra Loggins; Woodson, Markisha J; Mazurek, Kathryn; Antonio, Beverly

doi:10.1007/s12552-021-09320-9

Cited by 20 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…A study among non-Hispanic Black people had similar findings. 10 Marriage has been found to have positive influences on health and wellness. 28 , 29 The proportion of Arab American people who are married is higher than the proportion in the general US population 19 ; marriage may be a form of social support that protects against a range of health conditions in Arab American populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3] In particular, forces such as population-level poverty and deprivation have played a prominent role in shaping the disproportionate burden of COVID-19-related infection and mortality among communities of color in the United States. [3][4][5] While risk factors for infection and severity of COVID-19 have been examined for several racial and ethnic minority groups in the United States, [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] the literature on the risk factors associated with COVID-19 infection among Arab American people is limited.The estimated >3.5 million Arab American people who live in the United States have ethnic, cultural, or linguistic origins in the Middle East and North Africa 13 and a diversity in health needs. 14,15 Several population-level and individual-level factors may put Arab American people at increased risk of COVID-19 infection (and other infectious diseases), including household size, socioeconomic status, health prevention behaviors, and social isolation.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Risk Factors for COVID-19 Positivity and Hospital Admission Among Arab American Adults in Southern California

et al. 2022

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Objective: Little is known about risk factors associated with COVID-19 infection among Arab American people. We aimed to understand the predictors of receiving a positive COVID-19 test result and being admitted to the hospital for COVID-19 among Arab American adults using data from a hospital near an Arab ethnic enclave. Methods: We used electronic medical record data for Arab American adults aged ≥18 years from March 1, 2020, through January 31, 2021, at Sharp Grossmont Hospital in La Mesa, California. The primary outcomes were receiving a positive COVID-19 test result and being admitted to the hospital for COVID-19. We ran logistic regression models with individual- and population-level risk factors to determine the odds of each primary outcome. Results: A total of 2744 Arab American adults were tested for COVID-19, of whom 783 (28.5%) had a positive test result. In the fully adjusted model, women had lower odds of receiving a positive test result than men (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.77; 95% CI, 0.64-0.92), and adults living in high-poverty areas had higher odds of receiving a positive test result than adults in lower-poverty areas (aOR = 1.25; 95% CI, 1.04-1.51). Of the 783 Arab American adults with data on admission, 131 (16.7%) were admitted. For every 1-unit increase in the Charlson Comorbidity Index, the odds of admission increased by 66% (aOR = 1.66; 95% CI, 1.36-2.04). Conclusion: The risk of receiving a positive test result for COVID-19 was higher among Arab American adults living in high-poverty areas than in lower-poverty areas. The risk of admission was directly related to overall health status. Future work should aim to understand the barriers to prevention and testing in this population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for COVID-19 Positivity and Hospital Admission Among Arab American Adults in Southern California

et al. 2022

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“…1 Women with new/worsening HRSRs have two to three times higher risk of anxiety, depression, and traumatic stress compared with women without these risks. 1 Additionally, prepandemic socioeconomic vulnerability resulting from racial segregation, poverty, inability to work remotely, and limited health care access [2][3][4][5] likely contributes to higher rates of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality among U.S. women of racial/ethnic minority groups. [6][7][8][9] The effects of the pandemic on East or Southeast (E/SE) Asian women are of particular concern.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health-Related Socioeconomic Risks During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Survey of U.S. Women

Makelarski

Winslow

et al. 2021

Journal of Women's Health

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Background: Nearly half of U.S. women experienced new or worsening health-related socioeconomic risks (HRSRs) (food, housing, utilities and transportation difficulties, and interpersonal violence) early in the COVID-19 pandemic. We sought to examine racial/ethnic disparities in pandemic-related changes in HRSRs among women. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey (04/2020) of 3200 women. Pre-and early pandemic HRSRs were described by race/ethnicity. Weighted, multivariable logistic regression models generated odds of incident and worsening HRSRs by race/ethnicity. Results: The majority of Black, East or Southeast (E/SE) Asian, and Hispanic women reported ‡1 prepandemic HRSR (51%-56% vs. 38% of White women, p < 0.001). By April 2020, 68% of Black, E/SE Asian, and Hispanic women and 55% of White women had ‡1 HRSR ( p < 0.001). For most HRSRs, the odds of an incident or worsening condition were similar across racial/ethnic groups, except Black, E/SE Asian and Hispanic women had 2-3.6 times the odds of incident transportation difficulties compared with White women. E/SE Asian women also had higher odds of worsening transportation difficulties compared with White women (adjusted odds ratios = 2.5, 95% confidence interval 1.1-5.6). In the early pandemic, 1/19 Hispanic, 1/28 E/SE Asian, 1/36 Black and 1/100 White women had all 5 HRSRs (extreme health-related socioeconomic vulnerability). Conclusions: Prepandemic racial/ethnic disparities in HRSRs persisted and prevalence rates increased for all groups early in the pandemic. Disparities in transportation difficulties widened. White women were much less likely than others to experience extreme health-related socioeconomic vulnerability. An equitable COVID-19 response requires attention to persistent and widening racial/ethnic disparities in HRSRs among women.

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“…With respect to COVID-19, a US study of data from 50 million patients found that people from minority ethnic groups did not have higher COVID-19 testing rates compared to the majority White population despite higher positivity rates and need for a higher level of care on diagnosis [15]. Another study using the US National Health Interview Survey found that affordability of medicine was a significant predictor of severe COVID-19 risk for Black and Hispanic participants [36]. This evidence highlights that reduced access to health care for minority ethnic groups in the USA might increase the risk of poor COVID outcomes (for example, because patients are sicker when they do reach care).…”

Section: Differential Disease Consequences (Due To Comorbidity Health Care Access and Quality (Including Interpersonal And Institutional mentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Outcomes in Minority Ethnic Groups: Do Obesity and Metabolic Risk Play a Role?

et al. 2021

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Purpose of Review Globally, minority ethnic groups have been at higher risk of COVID-19 mortality and morbidity than majority populations. This review outlines factors that may interact to create these inequalities and explores the hypothesis that differing levels of cardio-metabolic risk, according to ethnic group, play a role. Recent Findings Two UK Biobank studies have reported that the body mass index is more strongly associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 infection and mortality in minority ethnic populations than in White populations. A study of UK patients found that the strongest association between obesity and adverse COVID-19 outcomes was in people of Black ethnicity. Summary Differences in the prevalence of obesity and its metabolic sequelae have been shown to partly mediate ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 outcomes, although not always consistently. It is possible that ethnic differences in the consequences of obesity may explain some of the remaining disparity in COVID-19 risk.

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Racial Disparities and COVID-19: Exploring the Relationship Between Race/Ethnicity, Personal Factors, Health Access/Affordability, and Conditions Associated with an Increased Severity of COVID-19

Cited by 20 publications

References 36 publications

Risk Factors for COVID-19 Positivity and Hospital Admission Among Arab American Adults in Southern California

Risk Factors for COVID-19 Positivity and Hospital Admission Among Arab American Adults in Southern California

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health-Related Socioeconomic Risks During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Survey of U.S. Women

COVID-19 Outcomes in Minority Ethnic Groups: Do Obesity and Metabolic Risk Play a Role?

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