Racial Differences in Optic Nerve Head Parameters

Chi, Thomas; Ritch, Robert; Stickler, D.J.; Pitman, B.; Tsai, Clark S.; Hsieh, F. Y.

doi:10.1001/archopht.1989.01070010858029

Cited by 202 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…It enhances assessment of features of the optic disk, such as neuroretinal rim and cup area, that are necessary for accurate diagnosis and monitoring. It is also important to understand that patient characteristics 28,35,72,125,128,149,178,181 and the method used for measurement 16,50,52,122,131 will influence disk size estimates. Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the complex relationship between disk size, neural tissue, clinical and demographic factors and the development of glaucoma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

“…The high prevalence of glaucoma in individuals of certain African and African-Carribean populations (2.8% 157 to 8.8% 129) combined with the presence of larger optic disks compared to the Caucasian population 35,55,125,126,153,181 has led to the hypothesis that large optic disks might be more prone to glaucomatous damage than small disks. 28 The Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy Ancillary Study to the OHTS evaluated the hypothesis that large disks may be an important predictor of POAG in OHTS participants.…”

Section: Race Disk Size and Glaucoma Susceptibilitymentioning

confidence: 45%

“…Race and Disk Size-African-Americans have larger disks than individuals from other races. However, using a variety of methods, estimates of the mean disk area in AfricanAmericans range from 2.14 mm 2 to 3.75 mm 2,125,181 compared with 1.73 mm 2 to 2.63 mm 2 in Caucasians, 35,51,54,55,110,125,177,181,191 and 2.46 mm 2 to 2.67 mm 2 in Hispanics, 177 and 2.47 mm 2 to 3.22 mm 2 in Asians 125 (Table 3). Larger optic disks in African-Americans have also been shown in normal, 35 54,55,125,126,191 post-mortem, 149 and glaucomatous 54,128 eyes, including evidence from population-based studies.…”

Section: Patient Factors That Influence Disk Sizementioning

confidence: 47%

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Optic Disk Size and Glaucoma

Hoffmann

Zangwill

Crowston

et al. 2007

Survey of Ophthalmology

137

107

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Assessment of optic disk size is an important, but often overlooked, component of the diagnostic evaluation for glaucoma. Measured values of optic disk size vary with the measurement technique utilized. Available methods for disk size measurement and their respective strengths and limitations will be discussed. Further, actual disk size varies with race and possibly other demographic characteristics. Disk size is also associated with variation of specific anatomical structures of the optic nerve head and the retinal nerve fiber layer. These disk size-dependent variations may influence the susceptibility to glaucoma or the likelihood of glaucoma diagnosis. This manuscript reviews the published evidence relating to disk size and glaucoma.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

Section: Race Disk Size and Glaucoma Susceptibilitymentioning

confidence: 45%

Section: Patient Factors That Influence Disk Sizementioning

confidence: 47%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Optic Disk Size and Glaucoma

Hoffmann

Zangwill

Crowston

et al. 2007

Survey of Ophthalmology

137

107

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…[56][57][58] Likewise, the association between black race and greater CDR reaffirmed the reports of previous studies. 59,60 We compared several characteristics between the siblings of probands with and without a definitive diagnosis of glaucoma, to further examine the role of inheritance in glaucoma pathogenesis. The higher IOP in siblings of glaucomatous probands compared with those of normal probands implies that at least a component of the genetic control of the glaucoma phenotype is manifested through variation in IOP.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants and Heritability of Intraocular Pressure and Cup-to-Disc Ratio in a Defined Older Population

et al. 2005

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Purpose-To investigate the heritability of intraocular pressure (IOP) and cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) in an older well-defined population. Design-Family-based cohort study.Participants-Through the population-based Salisbury Eye Evaluation study, we recruited 726 siblings (mean age, 74.7 years) in 284 sibships.Methods-Intraocular pressure and CDR were measured bilaterally for all participants. The presence or absence of glaucoma was determined by a glacuoma specialist for all probands on the basis of visual field, optic nerve appearance, and history. The heritability of IOP was calculated as twice the residual between-sibling correlation of IOP using linear regression and generalized estimating equations after adjusting for age, gender, mean arterial pressure, race, self-reported diabetes status, and history of systemic steroid use. The heritability of CDR was calculated using the same model and adjustments as above, while also adjusting for IOP.Main Outcome Measures-Heritability and determinants of IOP and CDR, and impact of siblings' glaucoma status on IOP and CDR.Results-We estimated the heritability to be 0.29 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12-0.46) for IOP and 0.56 (95% CI, for CDR in this population. Mean IOP in siblings of glaucomatous probands was statistically significantly higher than in siblings of normal probands (mean difference, 1.02 mmHg; P = 0.017). The mean CDR in siblings of glaucomatous probands was 0.07 (or 19%) larger than in siblings of glaucoma suspect referrals (P = 0.045) and siblings of normal probands (P = 0.004).Conclusions-In this elderly population, we found CDR to be highly heritable and IOP to be moderately heritable. On average, siblings of glaucoma patients had higher IOPs and larger CDRs than siblings of nonglaucomatous probands.Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the second most common cause of blindness in the world 1 and affects approximately 2.2 million Americans. 2 Although the diagnosis of POAG centers on the characteristic excavation and atrophy of the optic nerve head and functional deficit measured by visual field (VF) change, 3 the heritability of intraocular pressure (IOP) and cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) have not been studied extensively thus far, despite the wellestablished role of heredity in POAG. In this study, we estimate the heritability of IOP and CDR from a cohort of sibships recruited through the Salisbury Eye Evaluation study. In addition, we also report the distribution of IOP and CDR among siblings of glaucomatous probands versus siblings of normal probands. Materials and Methods Subjects and General DesignBetween 1993 and 1995, a random sample of potential participants (ages 65 to 84 years) was chosen from the Health Care Financing Administration Medicare database and recruited from Salisbury, located on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, to engage in the population-based Salisbury Eye Evaluation study. 28 The cohort was invited for a follow-up examination including VF testing, optic nerve head imaging, and IOP measurement. All subjects with abnormal scr...

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“…19 Consistently, however, the fellow (unaffected) eye has a small optic nerve head with a small or absent physiologic cup ( Figure 1a); this anatomic variant, which is associated with normal visual acuity and fields (Figure 1b), is well established as a marker for increased risk of NAION, although the exact means by which it influences pathogenesis is unclear. 19,22 The presence of this so-called 'disk at risk', which is usually a bilateral finding and more common in Caucasians, 23 could also partly explain the increased risk of NAION developing in the fellow eye.…”

Section: Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathymentioning

confidence: 99%