Race, ethnicity, and visitation to national parks in the United States: Tests of the marginality, discrimination, and subculture hypotheses with national-level survey data

Krymkowski, Daniel H.; Manning, Robert E.; Valliere, William

doi:10.1016/j.jort.2014.09.008

Cited by 47 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Prior studies exploring outdoor recreation on forest lands have highlighted disparities in national forest visitation associated with traditionally marginalized groups [1,4,5,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. In lieu of inequities abating, as might have been expected in an increasingly diverse state following Gordon's hypothesis [37], we observed marked patterns of continuing inequities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

“…Research focused on equitable recreation participation in European countries is less abundant [2,3]. The U.S.-based research has consistently indicated that members of racial and ethnic minorities are not proportionally represented from proximate geographic areas among the visitors to federally managed natural resource areas, including national parks and national forests [4][5][6]. Although efforts in natural resource recreation management agencies have focused on increasing representation of ethnic and racial minorities to address concerns over equity, much remains to be done [1,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The U.S.-based research has consistently indicated that members of racial and ethnic minorities are not proportionally represented from proximate geographic areas among the visitors to federally managed natural resource areas, including national parks and national forests [4][5][6]. Although efforts in natural resource recreation management agencies have focused on increasing representation of ethnic and racial minorities to address concerns over equity, much remains to be done [1,5]. For example, U.S. national statistics show forest visitation by individuals of Hispanic or Latino descent is not proportionate to the overall population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Equity in Access to Outdoor Recreation—Informing a Sustainable Future

et al. 2019

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Despite an increasingly ethnically and racially diverse population in the United States (U.S.), growing evidence indicates that minorities are underrepresented in national forest visitation. Many reasons for continuing underrepresentation have been examined, involving research reaching back multiple decades. In the current study, a random sample of residents (n = 1977) from four large metropolitan statistical areas in California was involved in a telephone survey about forest visitation. Analysis revealed a continuing pattern of inequities in lifetime visitation to a national forest, as well as recency of visitation. Constraints to national forest visitation show similarities among groups. Lack of time was the most often mentioned constraint, with resource-related constraints more frequently cited by minority respondents. In contrast to prior studies, a lack of information or concerns about discrimination were not cited by survey respondents, though the open-ended approach to top constraints may underpin some of this variation from prior research. The primary information source for outdoor recreation used most frequently and most trusted was the Internet, followed closely by social networks (family and friends). In the presentation of U.S. outdoor recreation information, natural resource management agencies, use groups, and opportunity providers would benefit from incorporating culturally relevant messaging and images to affirm the message of inclusion and welcome.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Equity in Access to Outdoor Recreation—Informing a Sustainable Future

et al. 2019

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“…A clear example of an identity-specific constraint is perceived discrimination, that is, people feeling excluded, restricted, or favored based on one specific identity. Studies have described perceived discrimination as being a constraining factor for immigrants' outdoor recreation (e.g., Kloek, Peters, & Sijtsma, 2013;Krymkowski et al, 2014;Stodolska, 2005). Constraints can also be identity-specific in the sense that they inhibit specific activities associated with a certain identity.…”

Section: Contextuality Of Identities: Identity Activationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relation between ethnicity and the recreational use and perceptions of greenspace has been examined in academia as well (e.g., Chavez, 2000;Dwyer, 1993;Floyd, 1998;Gobster, 2002;Ho et al, 2005;Jay & Schraml, 2013;Krymkowski, Manning, & Valliere, 2014;Sasidharan, 2002;Tierney, Dahl, & Chavez, 2001;Winter, Jeong, & Godbey, 2004). Most of these studies on immigrants' use and perceptions of the natural environment focus on the United States.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond Ethnic Stereotypes – Identities and Outdoor Recreation Among Immigrants and Nonimmigrants in the Netherlands

et al. 2016

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Studies on immigrants' recreational use of greenspace have tended to focus on ethnic groups as homogeneous entities. In a qualitative study based on group interviews, this article focuses on the cultural diversity among and within ethnic groups. We used an identity perspective to study outdoor recreation of young Dutch adults with Chinese, Turkish, or nonimmigrant backgrounds. Results show that primarily personal identities, age, and ethnicity inform recreational behavior. The multiplicity of peoples' identities results in more heterogeneity between and within ethnic groups, as well as more homogeneity between immigrants and nonimmigrants, than commonly described. When immigrants are considered as a homogeneous group that underparticipates in outdoor recreation, individual immigrants who frequently participate in outdoor recreation are overlooked. Furthermore, we show that acculturation does not progress at the same rate among all ethnic groups, and that ethnic identity may be sustained among second and subsequent generations through certain recreational activities.

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