Race/Ethnicity and the Effects of Prior Case Outcomes on Current Dispositions: Continuity and Change in the Dispositional Careers of Juvenile Offenders

Does the Premium Fit the Risk? The Role of Criminal Escalation in Case Processing

“…Most defendants in our sample were either repeatedly convicted of low-seriousness crimes or quickly de-escalated after being convicted of a serious crime (and never committed another serious one despite committing less serious crimes). Those findings were similar to what Leiber et al (2020) found. Although our sample was arguably riskier than individuals who had one or two priors as a group, most individuals stood in sheer contract against the portrait of “persistent” or “high risk” offenders.…”

“…First, as Jennings and Reingle (2012) have shown, the vast majority of studies using GBTM focused on either onset and desistance by modeling the presence and absence of crimes/delinquency or offending frequency by modeling the number or rate of incidents. To the best of our knowledge, only two recently published studies have attempted to model the seriousness of crimes with GBTM (Cihan et al, 2017; Leiber et al, 2020). Second, nearly all GBTM studies on criminal careers (including the Cihan et al study) limited the scope to criminal career properties and did not further link the findings to case processing.…”

The Effectiveness of Certificates of Relief: A Correspondence Audit of Hiring Outcomes

“…The second key independent variable was the randomly assigned racially distinct name. The decision to include such a variable was based on a plethora of research showing poorer hiring outcomes for minorities (compared to equally situated white applicants) (Quillian et al, 2017;Zschirnt & Ruedin, 2016), especially minorities with criminal history (Pager, 2003) (see Pager & Karafin, 2009 utilizing statistical discrimination theory as a framework to explain poor minority hiring outcomes; and see Leiber et al, 2020 for a study outside of the employment context that utilizes labeling theory to display how a 13 One could argue that the length of the cover letters, rather than the content of the treatment statements, could influence results because employers may skip over more lengthy cover letters. One could also argue that employers do not read cover letters.…”

Great Expectations: The Importance of Procedural Justice and Parenting for Perceptions of Success Among Youth on Probation

“…This is posited to occur through rejection from nondelinquent peers, withdrawal from nondelinquent peers, and alignment with others who have the delinquent label (Morris & Piquero, 2013). One study not only identified a pattern of escalated disposition severity over time (supporting labeling theory) but also observed stability in disposition severity, demonstrating the complexity of understanding whether and how labels may influence participation in illegal behavior over time (Leiber et al, 2020). Although these studies do not directly measure or assess youths' perceptions of their ability to succeed, findings allude to the potential relevance of stigma due to the label of being sanctioned for one's behavior.…”