Race Differences and Experimenter Race Effect in Galvanic Skin Response

Fisher, Leslie E.; Kotses, Harry

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00807.x

Cited by 22 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Johnson and Corah (1963) found reliably higher base levels of skin resistance in African-Americans than in Caucasians, and Bernstein (1965) reported the same for skin impedance levels, 102 both in schizophrenic patients and normal controls, independent from the examiner being of either ethnic group. An increased SRL in African-Americans which is independent from the experimenter's skin color was also confirmed by Fisher and Kotses (1973). 103 No differences in NS.SRR freq.…”

Section: Ethnic Differences and Heritabilitymentioning

confidence: 75%

Electrodermal Activity

Boucsein

2012

1,573

1,589

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except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword to the Second EditionAs noted by David Lykken in the foreword to the first edition of this book, electrodermal activity was observed for the first time in Germany. A quartercentury later the scientific study of psychology also originated in Germany. Over time, however, the focus of psychological research, including the then new field of psychophysiology, shifted to the United States and Great Britain. This trend to the dominance of the United States and Great Britain was prolonged by the devastation of World War II and its aftermath in Germany (and elsewhere in continental Europe). Slowly at first and then more rapidly, German psychological science, including psychophysiology, recovered. For several decades German psychophysiologists have been a major force in psychophysiology. With the publication of the first English edition of this book in 1992, it became essential for electrodermal researchers worldwide again to learn from our German colleagues.When I came into psychophysiology in the mid-1960s, electrodermal activity was the most common system studied. Because of its popularity, a large literature had emerged on the physiological mechanisms producing these changes in the electrical properties of the skin and on the best methodology for recording them. Major reviews and/or chapters had been published or soon were to be published by Peter Venables and Irene Martin, Robert Edelberg, and David Lykken. Later reviews and articles were published by Venables and Margaret Christie, and by me. A chapter in 1990 by Michael Dawson, Anne Schell, and Diane Filion was especially noteworthy for its coverage of the psychological applications of electrodermal measures.Note that all these publications were journal articles and chapters and that most of them focused almost entirely on mechanisms and methodology. The publication of this book, first in German and then in English, provided the first book on electrodermal activity, and one that extensively covers psychological applications as well as mechanisms and methodology. Again to quote David Lykken back in 1992, "The return of German scholarship to what I shall loftily call the high table of psychophysiology is exemplified by this fine book, the most comprehensive treatise on the electrodermal system to appear in any language . . ." I completely agree with v that evaluation. Professor Boucsein's outstanding scholarship has produced a book of such breadth of coverage ...

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Section: Ethnic Differences and Heritabilitymentioning

confidence: 75%

Electrodermal Activity

Boucsein

2012

1,573

1,589

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“…That is to say, ethnicity or race may appear to affect SC because of group differences in skin color. For example, researchers have reported that African-American people have lower SC levels than White people (Boucsein, 1992;Fisher & Kotses, 1973;Johnson & Corah, 1963) and that SC levels of Native Americans fall midway between those of White and African-American people (Korol & Kane, 1978). These reports suggest that darkness of skin color, rather than race or ethnicity, influences SC.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomic and Behavioral Responses of Children With Autism to Auditory Stimuli

Chang

Parham

Blanche

et al. 2012

The American Journal of Occupational Therapy

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OBJECTIVES. We examined whether children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD) differ in autonomic activity at rest and in response to auditory stimuli and whether behavioral problems related to sounds in everyday life are associated with autonomic responses to auditory stimuli.METHOD. We measured skin conductance (SC) at rest and in response to auditory stimuli as well as behavioral responses using the Sensory Processing Measure (SPM) Home Form. Participants were 25 children with ASD and 25 typically developing (TD) children, aged 5-12 yr.RESULTS. The ASD group had significantly higher resting SC and stronger SC reactivity to tones than the TD group. Correlations between SC and SPM indicated that more severe auditory behavioral difficulties were associated with higher sympathetic activation at rest and stronger sympathetic reactivity to sound. CONCLUSION.High sympathetic reactivity to sound may underlie the difficult behavioral responses to sound that children with ASD often demonstrate.

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“…Because blacks scored significantly higher than whites on the upset factor (see Table 5), it appears that blacks could be disposed toward becoming more aroused than whites in testlike settings. This observation has received some independent physiological confirmation by Fisher and Kotses (1973). A disproportionate number of blacks at the higher, overly stressed levels of arousal could be yet another phenomenon contributing to interracial differences in task performance and mean IQ.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Mood and personality correlates of IQ by race and sex of subject.

Samuel

1980

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Mood and personality relationships with IQ were studied in a sample of 416 black and 416 white junior high and high school students, equally divided by sex. The mood and personality measures comprised an adjective checklist (Nowlis) as well as scales for social desirability (Crowne & Marlowe), general and test anxiety (Janis & Field), and belief in external control of reinforcement (Rotter). It was found that mood and personality were significantly related to IQ and that this effect was differentially patterned, depending on the race and sex of the subjects. Stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that for females of both races, externality was the strongest predictor of IQ; for males of both races, aggression was the strongest or second strongest predictor of IQ. Blacks tended to show stronger relationships and higher mean scores on variables that correlated negatively with IQ, and weaker relationships and lower mean scores on variables that correlated positively with IQ. A factor analysis indicated that the mood scales could be combined into three meaningful dimensions: (a) feelings of being emotionally upset, (b) an attitude of defensive overconfidence, and (c) interest in the tasks. The "emotional upset" factor is conceptualized as an index of the degree of internal arousal experienced during the examination. When IQ is plotted as a function of arousal, the curve deviates significantly from linearity and has the appearance of an inverted U.Psychologists have long been interested in significantly correlated with subscales of the exploring the relationship between personality Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and distraits and general mental ability. The obtained covered that feelings of competence and selfrelationships, however, have usually been confidence were positively related to achieverather small, inconsistent, difficult to interpret, ment on the verbal subscales, whereas feelings or all three (see Guertin, Ladd, Frank, Rabin, of anxiety and depression showed negative & Hiester, 1971). Frank (1970) reviewed correlations. For the performance subscales, several studies indicating an overall negative no consistent pattern of relationships emerged, correlation between scores on Taylor's (19S3) Turner, Willerman, and Horn (1976) found Manifest Anxiety Scale and IQ. He also re-small to moderate positive correlations beviewed several others finding inconsistent tween full-scale IQ and two second-order facrelationships between IQ and subscales of the tors derived by Cattell (1971) from his 16 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Personality Factor Questionnaire, namely (MMPI). Turner and Horn (1976) factor cortertia, or cortical alertness, and temperaanalyzed a pool of MMPI items that were mental independence, or self-assurance and self-control. Researchers have shown a particular in-' " . , 1U . t . , ,. j , ., .. terest in relating one personality component, Parts of this article were presented at the meeting "-'»•'"• * , 7 .. , of the Western Psychological Association, San Fran-masculinity-fe...

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Race Differences and Experimenter Race Effect in Galvanic Skin Response

Cited by 22 publications

References 11 publications

Electrodermal Activity

Electrodermal Activity

Autonomic and Behavioral Responses of Children With Autism to Auditory Stimuli

Mood and personality correlates of IQ by race and sex of subject.

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