Race, Civil Rights, and Immigration Law After September 11, 2001: The Targeting of Arabs and Muslims

Akram, Susan; Johnson, Karen M.

doi:10.2139/ssrn.365261

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…However, only the Arab participants expressed defiance over these events. Arabic communities have experienced significant profiling and discrimination since the terrorist attacks in the US on September 11, 2001 (Akram & Johnson, 2001–2003;Lauderdale, 2007). In addition, the negative depiction of Arabs as America’s enemies along with repeated longterm cultural stereotyping are likely to be root causes of the defiant attitudes we encountered (Wray-Lake, Syvertsen, & Flanagan, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of Immigration and Customs Enforcement on immigrant health: Perceptions of immigrants in Everett, Massachusetts, USA

Hacker

Chu

Leung

et al. 2011

Social Science & Medicine

223

163

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U.S. immigrants have faced a changing landscape with regard to immigration enforcement over the last two decades. Following the passage of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, and the creation of the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agency after the attacks of September 11, 2001, detention and deportation activity increased substantially. As a result, immigrants today are experiencing heightened fear of profiling and deportation. Little research exists on how these activities affect the health and well-being of U.S. immigrant communities. This study sought to address this gap by using community-based participatory research to investigate the impact of enhanced immigration enforcement on immigrant health in Everett, Massachusetts, USA, a city with a large and diverse immigrant population. Community partners and researchers conducted 6 focus groups with 52 immigrant participants (documented and undocumented) in five languages in May 2009. The major themes across the groups included: 1) Fear of deportation, 2) Fear of collaboration between local law enforcement and ICE and perception of arbitrariness on the part of the former and 3) Concerns about not being able to furnish documentation required to apply for insurance and for health care. Documented and undocumented immigrants reported high levels of stress due to deportation fear, which affected their emotional well-being and their access to health services. Recommendations from the focus groups included improving relationships between immigrants and local police, educating immigrants on their rights and responsibilities as residents, and holding sessions to improve civic engagement. Immigration enforcement activities and the resulting deportation fear are contextual factors that undermine trust in community institutions and social capital, with implications for health and effective integration processes. These factors should be considered by any community seeking to improve the integration process.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of Immigration and Customs Enforcement on immigrant health: Perceptions of immigrants in Everett, Massachusetts, USA

Hacker

Chu

Leung

et al. 2011

Social Science & Medicine

223

163

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The processes that criminalize immigration law have simultaneously led to the racializing and gendering of “illegality,” ultimately linking many Latinos to “illegal/illegality” and making them deportable (Armenta, ; Provine et al, ). Although Muslims and Arabs also have negative experiences due to the same immigration policies, particularly post‐9/11 (Akram & Johnson, ; Rivera, ; Shiekh, ), Latinos continue to make up the overwhelming majority of detainees and deportees.…”

Section: The Globalization Of Crimmigrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The expansion of “crimmigration,” mass detention, and deportation

2018

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In recent years, the deportation and detention of immigrants has become a common phenomenon around the world. In this article, we shed light on the global expansion of crimmigration (the increasingly blurring of lines between immigration and criminal laws) and examine in depth the United States as an example of this trend. Crimmigration scholarship has largely focused on the processes in which laws, media narratives, and political discourses criminalize undocumented immigrants. We summarize the literature that demonstrates how these processes are predicated on the racialization and gendering of certain immigrants, in the United States and elsewhere. Using the US case as an example, we discuss how criminalization practices are closely tied to for profit prison interests. Finally, we provide suggestions for future research to critically examine the criminalization of immigration and immigrants.

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“…At the same time, recent immigration enforcement practice, as intended by the earlier wave of 1990s laws, has sought to again distance immigration enforcement from the purview of the courts in the form of substantial legal rollbacks (Akram and Johnson 2002; Ashar 2002; Morawetz 2005; Papandrea 2005; Reza 2002; Tumlin 2004; Williams 2004). The 2001 PATRIOT Act, for example, authorizes federal officers to arrest and imprison a broad class of non‐citizens on immigration grounds without legal review and without public disclosure of the specific charge for a period of seven days, or for a maximum of six months if the case is deemed a national security risk.…”

Section: The Criminalization Of Immigration Lawmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immigration Geopolitics Beyond the Mexico–US Border

2007

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Despite the centrality of Mexico–US border policing to pre‐ and post‐9/11 US immigration geopolitics, perhaps the most significant yet largely ignored immigration‐related fallout of the so‐called war on terrorism has been the extension of interior immigration policing practices away from the southwest border. As I outline in this paper, these interior spaces of immigration geopolitics—nominally said to be about fighting terrorism, but in practice concerned with undocumented labor migration across the Mexico–US border—have not emerged accidentally. Rather, the recent criminalization of immigration law, the sequestering of immigration enforcement from court oversight and the enrollment of proxy immigration officers at sub‐state scales have been actively pursued so as to make interior enforcement newly central to US immigration geopolitics. I argue here that these embryonic spaces of localized immigration geopolitics shed new light on the spatiality of US immigration governance, which has typically been thought of by geographers as active predominantly at the territorial margins of the state. I conclude the paper with some thoughts as to how geographers might rethink the what and where of contemporary US immigration geopolitics.

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Race, Civil Rights, and Immigration Law After September 11, 2001: The Targeting of Arabs and Muslims

Cited by 17 publications

References 5 publications

The impact of Immigration and Customs Enforcement on immigrant health: Perceptions of immigrants in Everett, Massachusetts, USA

The impact of Immigration and Customs Enforcement on immigrant health: Perceptions of immigrants in Everett, Massachusetts, USA

The expansion of “crimmigration,” mass detention, and deportation

Immigration Geopolitics Beyond the Mexico–US Border

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