Race and Urbanity Alter the Protective Effect of Education but not Income on Mortality

Assari, Shervin; Lankarani, Maryam Moghani

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2016.00100

Cited by 127 publications

(223 citation statements)

References 89 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

200

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Our finding regarding larger effects of history of non-fatal physical assault on risk of mortality in Whites compared to Blacks agrees with other research showing risk and protective factors have stronger effects for Whites than Blacks [20,55], a pattern which is frequently shown for physical and mental health outcomes ( [9,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][56][57][58][59][60][61]; see References [20,55] for a review). Stronger effects of low education [17], unemployment [12], poor neighborhood quality [11], depression [16,18,19,62,63], hostility and anger [64], low sense of self efficacy [14], and low perception of control over life [65] were shown for Whites than Blacks.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Compared to their White counterparts who have not experienced the same level of adversities, one may hypothesize that Blacks may be more resilient to advertises such as non-fatal physical assault. This is in line with previous research showing weaker effects of social adversities for Blacks compared to Whites [9,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Stronger effects of low education [17], unemployment [12], poor neighborhood quality [11], depression [16,18,19,62,63], hostility and anger [64], low sense of self efficacy [14], and low perception of control over life [65] were shown for Whites than Blacks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

History of Non-Fatal Physical Assault Is Associated with Premature Mortality for Whites but Not Blacks

Assari

Haidar

2018

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Exposure to trauma increases the long-term risk of mortality, and experiencing non-fatal physical assault is not an exception. To better understand population heterogeneity in this link, the current study explored Black-White differences in the association between history of non-fatal physical assault and risk of all-cause mortality over a 25-year period in the United States. Data came from the Americans' Changing Lives (ACL) study that followed 3617 non-institutionalized respondents for up to 25 years. History of non-fatal physical assault at baseline was the predictor. Outcome was time to death due to all-cause mortality during follow-up from baseline (1986) to follow-up (2011). Confounders included gender, age, and baseline socio-economic status (education and income), health behaviors (smoking and drinking), and health status (chronic medical conditions, self-rated health, and body mass index). Race was the moderator. Cox regressions were used for multi-variable analysis. History of non-fatal physical assault at baseline was associated with an increased risk of mortality, above and beyond baseline socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and health status. Race interacted with history of non-fatal physical assault on mortality, suggesting a stronger effect for Whites compared to Blacks. In race-specific models, history of non-fatal physical assault was associated with risk of mortality for Whites but not Blacks. The current study showed that experiencing non-fatal physical assault increases the risk of premature death above and beyond demographics, socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and health status. Experiencing non-fatal physical assault may have a larger effect on premature mortality among Whites than Blacks. Future research is needed on how Blacks and Whites differ in the health consequences of social adversities.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 93%

See 1 more Smart Citation

History of Non-Fatal Physical Assault Is Associated with Premature Mortality for Whites but Not Blacks

Assari

Haidar

2018

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Weaker effects of educational attainment are shown in drinking behaviors [55], smoking [39], diet [56], sleep [57], suicide [18] body mass index (BMI) [58] and life expectancy [55] for African Americans than Whites. One explanation is that due to labor market discrimination [59], educational attainment generates far more income and wealth for Whites than for African Americans [60,61].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Workplace Racial Composition Explains High Perceived Discrimination of High Socioeconomic Status African American Men

2018

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Sociological and epidemiological literature have both shown that socioeconomic status (SES) protects populations and individuals against health problems. Recent research, however, has shown that African Americans gain less from their SES and African Americans of high SES, particularly males, may be vulnerable to perceived discrimination, as explained by the Minorities’ Diminished Returns theory. One potential mechanism for this phenomenon is that high SES African Americans have a higher tendency to work in predominantly White workplaces, which increases their perceived discrimination. It is, however, unknown if the links between SES, working in predominantly White work groups and perceived discrimination differ for male and female African Americans. Aim: To test the associations between SES, workplace racial composition and perceived discrimination in a nationally representative sample of male and female African American adults. Methods. This study included a total number of 1775 employed African American adults who were either male (n = 676) or female (n = 1099), all enrolled from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL). The study measured gender, age, SES (educational attainment and household income), workplace racial composition and perceived discrimination. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied in the overall sample and also by gender. Results: In the pooled sample that included both genders, high education and household income were associated with working in a predominantly White work group, which was in turn associated with more perceived discrimination. We did not find gender differences in the associations between SES, workplace racial composition and perceived discrimination. Conclusion: Although racial composition of workplace may be a mechanism by which high SES increases discriminatory experiences for African Americans, males and females may not differ in this regard. Policies are needed to reduce discrimination in racially diverse workplaces. This is particularly the case for African Americans who work in predominantly White work environments.

show abstract

“…SRH does not reflect the same health problems across genders (58)(59)(60)(61). Even inside one country, population differences exist in the protective effects of education and income on health (62)(63)(64). Finally, the study also did not include type of chronic condition.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Differences in Vulnerability to Socioeconomic Status on Self-Rated Health in 15 Countries

2017

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objectives: This study compared 15 countries for multiplicative effects of gender by education and by income on self-rated health of individuals with chronic medical conditions. Methods: We analyzed data from the Research on Early Life and Aging Trends and Effects (RELATE) Study. Participants were sampled from 15 countries including Argentina, Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Costa Rica, China, India, Ghana, Russia, Puerto Rico, South Africa, Mexico, Uruguay, and the United States. The analytical sample was limited to individuals with at least one chronic medical condition. The main outcome of interest was self-rated health (SRH). Country-specific logistic regressions were used for data analysis. We ran separate models with gender × education and gender × income interactions. Results:In Ghana, Uruguay, and India, gender moderated the effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on SRH. In Ghana and Uruguay, education and in Mexico and India, income had a stronger effect on SRH for women than men. Conclusions: Countries vary in gender differences in vulnerability to SES indicators on SRH of patients with chronic medical conditions. Women are more vulnerable than men to the effect of low SES on SRH in Ghana, Uruguay, Mexico, and India.Keywords: Gender, Socio-Demographics, Self-Rated Health, Cross Country Study BackgroundAlthough women live longer than men (1, 2), they consistently report poorer self-rated health (SRH) compared to men (3). At least in part, some of this gender gap is due to lower socio-economic status (SES) of women than men (4, 5). Countries, however, may vary in the mechanisms by which gender affects health status of the populations. To investigate such hypothesis, there is a need to conduct cross-country studies that investigate the gender gap in SRH as well as gender differences in vulnerability to SES indicators.The Research on Early Life and Aging Trends and Effects (RELATE) Study has provided a unique opportunity to compare countries for additive and multiplicative effects of gender, SES, and medical conditions on SRH. RELATE is composed of multiple national surveys conducted in 15 countries located in Asia, Africa, North America, and South America (6, 7). RELATE is composed of low income (Ghana), lower middle income (China and India), upper middle income (Argentina, Cuba, Uruguay, Chile, Costa Rica, Brazil, Mexico, and Russia), and high income (Barbados, Puerto Rico and the United States) countries (7).Gender influences SRH and well-being in multiple ways (8). In addition to the main effect of gender on SRH (9), gender may moderate the effect of SES and other risk and protective factors on health and well-being (10-17). Among patients with heart disease, income and education had a stronger protective effect on well-being for women than men (10, 11). This means among individuals with a heart disease, women are more vulnerable to the detrimental effect of low education and income compared to men (10, 11). A cross-country comparison of the effects of gender and SES on SRH showed that men requir...

show abstract

Race and Urbanity Alter the Protective Effect of Education but not Income on Mortality

Cited by 127 publications

References 89 publications

History of Non-Fatal Physical Assault Is Associated with Premature Mortality for Whites but Not Blacks

History of Non-Fatal Physical Assault Is Associated with Premature Mortality for Whites but Not Blacks

Workplace Racial Composition Explains High Perceived Discrimination of High Socioeconomic Status African American Men

Gender Differences in Vulnerability to Socioeconomic Status on Self-Rated Health in 15 Countries

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About