Workplace Racial Composition Explains High Perceived Discrimination of High Socioeconomic Status African American Men

Assari, Shervin; Lankarani, Maryam Moghani

doi:10.3390/brainsci8080139

Cited by 90 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…The results for black men support prior studies that have found little evidence of an association between SES and obesity for this population . One potential explanation is the diminishing returns theory of SES among black Americans . Unlike white women and men, socioeconomic attainment can actually increase exposure to discrimination among black men and women as they enter predominately white workplaces, and these experiences generally have a positive association with obesity .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Wealth and Obesity Among US Adults Entering Midlife

Wolfe

Baker

Scarinci

2019

Obesity

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Objective This study examines the relationship between wealth and obesity among adults entering midlife and whether this relationship varies by sex, race, and measure of wealth. Methods The data were obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY‐79). Population‐averaged models were used to examine the associations between multiple measures of wealth and obesity among 6,979 respondents while controlling for education, occupation, income, and relevant sociodemographic variables. Results The analysis found a robust association between wealth and midlife obesity as well as heterogeneity in the wealth‐obesity association across sex, race, and measure of wealth. With the exception of black men, net worth generally had a significant and inverse relationship with obesity. The net worth–obesity association was largest among women and was driven primarily by home value, in addition to savings and debt for black women. Although home value was significant for white men, the components of wealth were generally unrelated to obesity among men. Conclusions The association between wealth and obesity was generally robust but also complex, depending on sex, race, and measure of wealth. Research that does not consider multiple components of wealth may overlook the importance of economic resources in shaping obesity rates in the US population.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Wealth and Obesity Among US Adults Entering Midlife

Wolfe

Baker

Scarinci

2019

Obesity

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“…The results for Black men support prior studies that have found little evidence of an association between SES and obesity for this population (6-9). One potential explanation is the diminishing returns theory of SES among Black Americans (39,40). Unlike White women and men, socioeconomic attainment can actually increase exposure to discrimination among Black men and women as they enter predominately White workplaces, and these experiences generally have a positive association with obesity (41,42).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wealth and Obesity Among U.S. Adults Entering Midlife

Wolfe¹,

Baker²,

Scarinci³

2019

Preprint

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Objective: This study examines the relationship between wealth and obesity among adults entering midlife and whether this relationship varies by gender, race, and measure of wealth. Methods:The data were obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY-79). Population-averaged models were used to examine the associations between multiple measures of wealth and obesity among 6,979 respondents while controlling for education, occupation, income, and relevant sociodemographic variables.Results: The analysis found a robust association between wealth and midlife obesity as well as heterogeneity in the wealth-obesity association across gender, race, and measure of wealth. With the exception of Black men, net worth generally had a significant and inverse relationship with obesity. The net worth-obesity association was largest among women and was driven primarily by home value-in addition to savings and debt for Black women. Although home value was significant for White men, the components of wealth were generally unrelated to obesity among men. Conclusions:The association between wealth can obesity was generally robust but also complex, depending on gender, race, and measure of wealth. Research that does not consider multiple components of wealth may overlook the importance of economic resources in shaping obesity rates in the U.S. population.

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“…Thus highly educated non-Hispanic Blacks make lower income and are more likely to live under poverty despite high educational level, compared to non-Hispanic Whites with the same education (44,48,49). On top of labor market discrimination, interpersonal discrimination is a major risk in the life of highly educated Blacks, because highly educated Blacks are likely to have higher not lower exposure and vulnerability to discrimination (27,(50)(51)(52). This is in part because highly educated non-Hispanic Blacks are at a closer proximity to non-Hispanic Whites in their work environment, which means discrimination (39,(50)(51)(52)(53).…”

Section: Due To Multiple Societal Mechanisms Ses Indicators May Genementioning

confidence: 99%

“…On top of labor market discrimination, interpersonal discrimination is a major risk in the life of highly educated Blacks, because highly educated Blacks are likely to have higher not lower exposure and vulnerability to discrimination (27,(50)(51)(52). This is in part because highly educated non-Hispanic Blacks are at a closer proximity to non-Hispanic Whites in their work environment, which means discrimination (39,(50)(51)(52)(53). Another mechanism is that even psychological traits and coping that are expected to mediate the effects of educational attainment (e.g.…”

Section: Due To Multiple Societal Mechanisms Ses Indicators May Genementioning

confidence: 99%

Education and Income Better Boost the Health of Non-Hispanic White than Black Americans

Assari

Bazargan

2020

Preprint

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Background. Socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as education and income influence population health including but not limited to self-rated health (SRH). Based on Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs), however, we observe weaker health effects SES indicators for non-Hispanic Blacks compared to non-Hispanic Whites. While such diminished returns of SES resources are shown in nationally representative data and Michigan data, there is still a need to replicate these findings in other settings. This is particularly relevant because the effects of social SES indicators are not universal but vary across geographic locations. This cross-sectional study tested racial differences in the effects of high educational attainment and income on SRH among Californian adults. Methods. Survey of California Adults on Serious Illness and End-of-Life is a representative survey of Californian adults conducted for the California Health Care Foundation. The independent variables were educational attainment and income. The main outcome was poor/fair SRH. Age, gender, marital status, and employment were control variables (confounders). Racial group membership was the effect modifier. Linear regression model was utilized to analyze the data. Results. Overall, higher education and income were associated with better SRH. Race showed significant statistical interactions with education and income on SRH, indicating weaker boosting effects of high education and income on SRH of non-Hispanic Blacks than non-Hispanic Whites. At least some of the diminished return of education on health for non-Hispanic Blacks than non-Hispanic Whites was due to income. Conclusions. While high education and income improve SRH of Californians, these effects are unequal between non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites with education and income showing diminished health returns for non-Hispanic Blacks than non-Hispanic Whites. More than the availability of education and income, what populations can do with their education and income may be important. Under segregation, racism, and discrimination, education and income have weaker effects on changing the living condition of the historically oppressed racial group. To close the existing racial gap in health, we need much more than equalizing access to education and income. Education quality of urban public schools should be improved. Types of occupations that are available in Black communities should be improved. Meanwhile, non-Hispanic Black middle class should be helped so they can better leverage their SES resources and turn to outcomes. Such changes need a through change to the living conditions of non-Hispanic Blacks across all SES levels.

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Workplace Racial Composition Explains High Perceived Discrimination of High Socioeconomic Status African American Men

Cited by 90 publications

References 88 publications

Wealth and Obesity Among US Adults Entering Midlife

Wealth and Obesity Among US Adults Entering Midlife

Wealth and Obesity Among U.S. Adults Entering Midlife

Education and Income Better Boost the Health of Non-Hispanic White than Black Americans

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