Rabies Virus in Raccoons, Ohio, 2004

Jm, Henderson; Biek, Roman; Hanlon, Cathleen A.; O’Dee, Scott H.; Real, Leslie A.

doi:10.3201/eid1404.070972

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…This finding indicates that for many outbreaks, whether multiple introductions or backflow of RRV were evident in the data, the largest risk for introduction stems from local pressure of infection resulting in RRV spreading through the areas of vaccination across the international boundary. This finding is consistent with previous findings of an observed breach of the vaccine corridor within the United States into the state of Ohio, which also implicated local spread of virus lineages through the vaccinated area ( 22 ). However, we demonstrate that at least 1 introduction into Canada (Ontario-15) was attributable to movement of infection across an exceptionally large distance.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Processes Underlying Rabies Virus Incursions across US–Canada Border as Revealed by Whole-Genome Phylogeography

Trewby¹,

Nadin-Davis²,

Real³

et al. 2017

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Disease control programs aim to constrain and reduce the spread of infection. Human disease interventions such as wildlife vaccination play a major role in determining the limits of a pathogen’s spatial distribution. Over the past few decades, a raccoon-specific variant of rabies virus (RRV) has invaded large areas of eastern North America. Although expansion into Canada has been largely prevented through vaccination along the US border, several outbreaks have occurred in Canada. Applying phylogeographic approaches to 289 RRV whole-genome sequences derived from isolates collected in Canada and adjacent US states, we examined the processes underlying these outbreaks. RRV incursions were attributable predominantly to systematic virus leakage of local strains across areas along the border where vaccination has been conducted but also to single stochastic events such as long-distance translocations. These results demonstrate the utility of phylogeographic analysis of pathogen genomes for understanding transboundary outbreaks.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Processes Underlying Rabies Virus Incursions across US–Canada Border as Revealed by Whole-Genome Phylogeography

Trewby¹,

Nadin-Davis²,

Real³

et al. 2017

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…In order to ensure the authenticity of the data, sequences of RRV and SCSKV G genes were collected from several previous reports (n = 148, see Additional File 1 ) 11 , 15 , 22 – 24 and from reference RABVs from GenBank (n = 450, see Additional File 2 ) including global RABV lineages. These were aligned using CLUSTALX v1.81 25 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A permanent host shift of rabies virus from Chiroptera to Carnivora associated with recombination

Ding

Sun

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Bat virus host shifts can result in the spread of diseases with significant effects. The rabies virus (RABV) is able to infect almost all mammals and is therefore a useful model for the study of host shift mechanisms. Carnivore RABVs originated from two historical host shifts from bat viruses. To reveal the genetic pathways by which bat RABVs changed their host tropism from bats to carnivores, we investigated the second permanent bat-to-carnivore shift resulting in two carnivore variants, known as raccoon RABV (RRV) and south-central skunk RABV (SCSKV). We found that their glycoprotein (G) genes are the result of recombination between an American bat virus and a carnivore virus. This recombination allowed the bat RABV to acquire the head of the G-protein ectodomain of the carnivore virus. This region is involved in receptor recognition and binding, response to changes in the pH microenvironment, trimerization of G proteins, and cell-to-cell transmission during the viral infection. Therefore, this recombination event may have significantly improved the variant’s adaptability to carnivores, altering its host tropism and thus leading to large-scale epidemics in striped skunk and raccoon.

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“…Understanding the frequency and distance of movements of potentially infected animals is of paramount importance in predicting the spread of viral infections [32,33]. In addition, such information has important implications for disease control; understanding the conditions under which the containment of wildlife [34] and dog rabies can reliably be achieved will assist in the long term goal of eliminating animal RABV. In particular, that humans mediate the transmission of RABV among dogs in North Africa requires that intervention procedures are implemented more rapidly than in situations in which humans play little or no role in viral transmission.…”

Section: Author Summarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Correction: Phylodynamics and Human-Mediated Dispersal of a Zoonotic Virus

Talbi¹,

Lemey²,

Suchard³

et al. 2011

PLoS Pathog

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Understanding the role of humans in the dispersal of predominately animal pathogens is essential for their control. We used newly developed Bayesian phylogeographic methods to unravel the dynamics and determinants of the spread of dog rabies virus (RABV) in North Africa. Each of the countries studied exhibited largely disconnected spatial dynamics with major geopolitical boundaries acting as barriers to gene flow. Road distances proved to be better predictors of the movement of dog RABV than accessibility or raw geographical distance, with occasional long distance and rapid spread within each of these countries. Using simulations that bridge phylodynamics and spatial epidemiology, we demonstrate that the contemporary viral distribution extends beyond that expected for RABV transmission in African dog populations. These results are strongly supportive of human-mediated dispersal, and demonstrate how an integrated phylogeographic approach will turn viral genetic data into a powerful asset for characterizing, predicting, and potentially controlling the spatial spread of pathogens.

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Rabies Virus in Raccoons, Ohio, 2004

Cited by 7 publications

References 8 publications

Processes Underlying Rabies Virus Incursions across US–Canada Border as Revealed by Whole-Genome Phylogeography

Processes Underlying Rabies Virus Incursions across US–Canada Border as Revealed by Whole-Genome Phylogeography

A permanent host shift of rabies virus from Chiroptera to Carnivora associated with recombination

Correction: Phylodynamics and Human-Mediated Dispersal of a Zoonotic Virus

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