Rabies in Animals with Emphasis on Dog and Cat in Ethiopia

Kidane, Abraham Haile; Sefir, Dessalegn; Bejiga, Tesfaye; Pal, Asefa

doi:10.5455/wvj.20160877

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Low compliance with the NTV vaccination schedule results in receiving an incomplete course [ 18 ], misdiagnosis, inadequate knowledge of the mode of transmission of the diseases (for medical and veterinary professionals and for the general public), poverty, and the lack of proper affordable medical care, all resulting in needless human deaths [ 15 ]. The lack of institutional involvement contributes significantly to the persistent prevalence of human rabies in the country [ 19 ]. Mechanisms must be sought to lessen the cost of PEP and means of obtaining funds so as to early initiate treatment for rabies exposed individuals of low socioeconomic status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Situation of Rabies in Ethiopia: A Five-Year Retrospective Study of Human Rabies in Addis Ababa and the Surrounding Regions

Aklilu

Tadele

Alemu

et al. 2021

Journal of Tropical Medicine

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Objective. The study objective was to estimate the burden of human rabies in Ethiopia from 2015–2019. Study Design. A descriptive study design was applied to measure the size of the problem. Method. Retrospective data were used from the Ethiopian Public Health Institute rabies case record book that was registered between 2015 to 2019. Result. Eighty-seven (87) cases of human rabies were diagnosed clinically in the Ethiopian Public Health Institute over the period of five years (2015–2019) with 100% case fatality. Of these, 83 (95.4%) cases were attributed to dog bites, whereas 1 (1.1%) to a cat and 3 (3.4%) to wild animals. The fatalities were from Oromia (n = 51 (58.6%), 13 (14.9%) were from Amhara, 15 (17.2%) were from Addis Ababa, and 8 (9.2%) from the Southern region. All referred cases had no record of immunization against rabies except eight. Ineffective postexposure treatment was the reason for 5 (5.7%) deaths. Out of 1,652 brain samples of different animals, mainly dogs, submitted for examination, 1,122 (68%) were found to be positive for rabies by the FAT. Dog bites were more common among males than females. The number of dog bite victims who had visited the EPHI counseling office and recommended to take postexposure prophylaxis against rabies both from Addis Ababa and the surrounding areas were 9,592 and 4,192, respectively. Out of these, 5,708 were males and 3,884 females for the capital Addis Ababa. Similarly, 2,439 males and 1,753 females account for areas surrounding Addis Ababa. Among those exposed from Addis Ababa, 1,079 (11.2%) were in the age group less than five, 1696 (17.7%) were in the age group 6–13, and 6,817 (71.1%) in the age group 14 and greater. Victims from outside of the capital Addis Ababa account for 644 (15.4%) for the age group less than 5 years, 964 (23%) for the age group 6–13 and, 2,584 (61.6%) for the age group 14 and greater. Conclusion. Mechanisms must be sought to reduce the cost of PEP and means of obtaining funds so as to initiate timely treatment for rabies exposed individuals of low socioeconomic status. Besides prevention, strategies should focus on public education and strict dog population control.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Situation of Rabies in Ethiopia: A Five-Year Retrospective Study of Human Rabies in Addis Ababa and the Surrounding Regions

Aklilu

Tadele

Alemu

et al. 2021

Journal of Tropical Medicine

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“…Even the research conducted in Addis Ababa from September 2009 to March 2013, on the human death cases reported from a total of 96 deaths reported, nearly all 93 (97%) fatal cases were attributed to dogs where only one (1%) was due to cats and the rest (1%) were due to wild animal. Domestic animals such as dog, cat, cattle and wild animals like apes and foxes were associated with human exposure [97]. Furthermore many studies also revealed that, high canine rabies burden and lack of sufficient awareness about the disease and high reliance on religious and traditional medical treatment that interfere with timely post exposure management account for a major human cases in the country [98].…”

Section: Efforts and Challenges Of Rabies Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whereas high quality vaccine may be available in some private facilities, the cost is prohibitive and cannot be afforded by public at large. The possibility of producing rabies vaccines locally have been explored during the last five years and currently produced from Pasteur Virus (PV) and Evinyl Rokitnki Abelseth (ERA) rabies virus strains, and pre-clinical trial completed [97].…”

Section: Efforts and Challenges Of Rabies Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Canine Surgical Sterilization and Other Dog Population Management Strategies to Complement Rabies Prevention and Control Programs

Dugassa¹,

Fromsa²,

Wirtu³

2020

JAH

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Purpose: To assess the role of canine surgical sterilization and other dog population management strategies to complement rabies prevention and control programs. Findings: Rabies is highly fatal viral anthropozoonotic disease which is caused by virus of the genus Lyssavirus and transmitted from rabid animals to humans by bite or scratch from rabid animals. Rabies is preventable and controllable disease through integration of one or more animal population control and vaccination methods. However, the primary focus of a rabies control program in dogs is vaccination by implementation of mass dog vaccination aiming for 70% vaccination in order to promote and maintain levels of protection above thresh hold between campaigns which consequently reduces ongoing transmission. Not only these but also, interlinking of one or more of other DPM tools such as prevention and control of reproduction, acceptable euthanisation, surgical sterilization, education and legislation of responsible dog ownership can create effective DPM programs. In developing country the integration of animal birth control and vaccination is not at grass root level so well coordination of veterinarians, human health professionals and other stake holders are vital.

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“…Dogs were the reason for 97% of rabies related human deaths in Ethiopia. Despite the availability of vaccines both to human and dogs in the country, only 3.9% dogs were found vaccinated as the study done from 2009-2012 in Addis Ababa [13]. The widespread use of traditional medications and religious approach to treat rabies cases as evil spirit are also the challenges for prevention and control of rabies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a scarcity of information on rabies prevention and control practice and associated factors among dog owners in Ethiopia, Knowledge on rabies, formal employment, higher education, male headed households, urban residence, history of dog bite and vaccine availability were identified as significant factors for rabies prevention and control practices in the studies conducted in Tanzania, Kenya, Hawasa, Addis Ababa and Bahirdar [13,[16][17][18]. Knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) towards rabies prevention and control found to be associated with sex, age, level of education and occupation of study participants in Debretabor town and Debark district [19,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rabies prevention and control practice and associated factors among dog owners in Aksum town and Laelay-Machew district, north Ethiopia: community based comparative cross-sectional study

Gebrezgiher

Berhe

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Background: Rabies is nearly 100% fatal zoonotic disease. One thousand seven hundred suspected rabies exposures reported in north Ethiopia, Tigray region in 2017, which has the highest rabies prevalence from Ethiopia. Almost half of them were from Central zone only. Of these 38% were in Aksum town and Laelay-Machew. Though Rabies exposure is prevalent in Tigray, there is scanty information on rabies prevention and control practices among dog owners. Thus, this deals with rabies prevention and control practice and associated factors among dog owners. Methods and materials: Comparative community based cross-sectional study was conducted inAksum town and Laelay-Machew district from March 01 to 20, 2018. A multi stage sampling was employed to recruit 558 households. Data were collected via structured and pretested questionnaire. Data were entered into Epi_info_7 and then exported to SPSS_20 for analysis. Both descriptive and inferential analysis was done with 95% confidence intervals at p value of 5% for the final model. Result: The overall prevalence of poor rabies prevention and control practice was 56% [95%CI (50, 61.9)] in urban and 62% [95% CI (57.2, 67.7)] in rural dog owners. In urban; being government employee [AOR (95%CI) = 0.35 (0.13, 0.94)], private employee [AOR (95%CI) =0.39(0.16, 0.97)] and having poor attitude [(AOR (95%CI) =1.84 (1.04, 3.25)] were significantly associated with outcome variable. Whereas in rural dwellers; having no formal education [AOR (95%CI)=6.41(1.1,38.6)], poor attitude [AOR (95%CI)= 2.19 (1.18,4.05)], having one dog [AOR (95%CI)=3.31(1.34,8.15)], travel ≥30 minute to get vaccine [AOR (95%CI)= 4.26 (2.14,8.47]), no history of dog bite exposure [AOR (95%CI)= 4.16(1.49,11.6)] and neighbors as their source of information [AOR (95%CI) =3.64 (1.31,10.1)] have statistical significance with the outcome variable. Conclusion and Recommendation:The prevalence of poor rabies prevention and control practice was higher among rural dog owners. Thus; interventions should be implemented both to urban and rural residents based on the identified findings so as to promote effective rabies prevention and control activities.

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Rabies in Animals with Emphasis on Dog and Cat in Ethiopia

Cited by 5 publications

References 13 publications

Situation of Rabies in Ethiopia: A Five-Year Retrospective Study of Human Rabies in Addis Ababa and the Surrounding Regions

Situation of Rabies in Ethiopia: A Five-Year Retrospective Study of Human Rabies in Addis Ababa and the Surrounding Regions

The Role of Canine Surgical Sterilization and Other Dog Population Management Strategies to Complement Rabies Prevention and Control Programs

Rabies prevention and control practice and associated factors among dog owners in Aksum town and Laelay-Machew district, north Ethiopia: community based comparative cross-sectional study

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