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Objective. The study objective was to estimate the burden of human rabies in Ethiopia from 2015–2019. Study Design. A descriptive study design was applied to measure the size of the problem. Method. Retrospective data were used from the Ethiopian Public Health Institute rabies case record book that was registered between 2015 to 2019. Result. Eighty-seven (87) cases of human rabies were diagnosed clinically in the Ethiopian Public Health Institute over the period of five years (2015–2019) with 100% case fatality. Of these, 83 (95.4%) cases were attributed to dog bites, whereas 1 (1.1%) to a cat and 3 (3.4%) to wild animals. The fatalities were from Oromia (n = 51 (58.6%), 13 (14.9%) were from Amhara, 15 (17.2%) were from Addis Ababa, and 8 (9.2%) from the Southern region. All referred cases had no record of immunization against rabies except eight. Ineffective postexposure treatment was the reason for 5 (5.7%) deaths. Out of 1,652 brain samples of different animals, mainly dogs, submitted for examination, 1,122 (68%) were found to be positive for rabies by the FAT. Dog bites were more common among males than females. The number of dog bite victims who had visited the EPHI counseling office and recommended to take postexposure prophylaxis against rabies both from Addis Ababa and the surrounding areas were 9,592 and 4,192, respectively. Out of these, 5,708 were males and 3,884 females for the capital Addis Ababa. Similarly, 2,439 males and 1,753 females account for areas surrounding Addis Ababa. Among those exposed from Addis Ababa, 1,079 (11.2%) were in the age group less than five, 1696 (17.7%) were in the age group 6–13, and 6,817 (71.1%) in the age group 14 and greater. Victims from outside of the capital Addis Ababa account for 644 (15.4%) for the age group less than 5 years, 964 (23%) for the age group 6–13 and, 2,584 (61.6%) for the age group 14 and greater. Conclusion. Mechanisms must be sought to reduce the cost of PEP and means of obtaining funds so as to initiate timely treatment for rabies exposed individuals of low socioeconomic status. Besides prevention, strategies should focus on public education and strict dog population control.

Health workers account for the largest share of public expenditures on health and play an important role in improving the quality of health services. There is concern that poor health worker performance limits the effectiveness of health systems strengthening efforts. A cross-sectional study was conducted from September to October 2016 in Addis Ababa health centers. Data were collected from 420 healthcare workers using a pretested and structured questionnaire by trained data collectors. EPI Info 7 was used for data entry, and analysis was done by SPSS version 20. Bivariate and multivariate logistic analyses were used to identify factors associated with the outcome variable and to control confounders. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The overall job satisfaction level accounts for 53.8% with 95% CI of (48.9%, 59.0%). Marital status and professional qualification were the potent predictors of job satisfaction. Respondents who never married were 1.65 times more likely to be satisfied in their job than those married or divorced (AOR: 1.65 (95% CI: 1.02, 2.66)). Laboratory professionals and nursing professionals were 2.74 and 1.97 times more likely to be satisfied in their job compared to health officers (AOR: 2.47 (95% CI: 1.14, 6.59) and AOR: 1.97 (95% CI: 1.12, 3.48), respectively). More than half of the healthcare workers in the study area were satisfied in their job. Marital status and healthcare workers’ profession type were predictors of job satisfaction. Research studies indicate that there is a positive relationship between performance and job satisfaction. Accordingly, the present study aimed at determining the level of job satisfaction of health workers and its associated factors in the health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

The Objectives of the study is to assess the magnitude and factor that affect out-of pocket medical expenditure among outpatients department in St Paul's hospital Millennium College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. An Institution-based crosssectional study in quantitative method was conducted among outpatient services. The required sample size is determined by single population and double population proportion formula. The final sample size was 422. A descriptive statistical analysis, binary and multivariable logistic regression model was used to describe the findings. Gender, marital status, educational status, occupation, family size, total income was statistically associated with TOOPME at Sig< 0.2. Statistically associated with TOOPME In multivariate analysis were marital status (B=.197; CI 95%190.2-585; sig .000), Occupation status (B=-.174; CI 95%-180-39.6; sig .002), family size (B=.229; CI 95%58-150; sig .000), and total income (B=.305; CI 95%10Table: 1 9-227; sig .000). The financing system of health care should be based on the principle of cost sharing so that there will be resource pooling among the poor and the rich. The financing mechanism should also move into prepayment schemes or insurance to protect the poor from unanticipated health care costs.

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Rabies infection is almost always a 100% lethal viral disease in all mammals, including humans. Although more than 60,000 people worldwide are preventable, 2,700 people in Ethiopia die of fatal human rabies annually. The aim of this study was to generate strategic information on the extent of the burden of rabies and major response strategies in place, only to overcome and bring attention to the management of rabies outbreaks. The cross - sectional case - based study design was used to discuss the disease areas of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples ' Regional States of Ethiopia. Data analysis revealed a total of 16 fatal human rabies and 287 suspected rabies exposures. The highest attack rate of 116.3 cases per 100,000 human subjects was reported in Tembaro woreda. As a result, 48 animal deaths of rabies have been reported, while cattle (28) have been more affected than other animal species. The lack of dog immunization, lack of community awareness of dog management, and inaccessibility and inefficiency of anti - rabies vaccines were major risk factors associated with the spread of rabies exposure between humans and animals. In conclusion, this study has clearly shown that both the existence and the high magnitude of fatal human and animal rabies are significant in the area. Multidisciplinary approach interventions to increase community awareness of dog vaccination, effective and immediate treatment of exposed individuals is recommended as a method of disease control and prevention

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