R&D production in the United States: Rethinking the Snowbelt–Sunbelt shift

R&D, Socio‐Economic Conditions, and Regional Innovation in the U.S

“…Conversely and in contrast to theoretical expectations, unemployment and agricultural labor force seem to be positively associated with innovation. Ceh and Gatrell () find that total unemployment is positively correlated with R&D in expenditure in U.S. states in 1990. They argue that increases in R&D expenditure may have occurred particularly in states undergoing a process of industrial restructuring associated with rises in unemployment (and possibly higher shares of agricultural employment).…”

“…Support for this view also comes from studies pinpointing that U.S. states (Thomas, Sharma, and Jain ), as well as MSAs (Varga ), differ considerably in terms of R&D efficiency, conceptualised as the ratio of R&D outputs to R&D expenditure. In addition, Koo and Kim () provide evidence suggesting that the impact of local R&D investments on regional growth varies across U.S. states, while Ceh and Gatrell () do not find evidence of a large‐scale shift in the spatial distribution of R&D efforts between 1963 and 1998. This has often led to the conclusion that the spatial pattern of invention in the U.S. is “more complex than initially thought” (Ceh and Gatrell :548).…”

“…In addition, Koo and Kim () provide evidence suggesting that the impact of local R&D investments on regional growth varies across U.S. states, while Ceh and Gatrell () do not find evidence of a large‐scale shift in the spatial distribution of R&D efforts between 1963 and 1998. This has often led to the conclusion that the spatial pattern of invention in the U.S. is “more complex than initially thought” (Ceh and Gatrell :548).…”

The Evolution and Spatial Dimensions of Invention in Canada, 1991 - 2011

“…In sequence, R&D must occur as inputs to an invention, then the invention has the potential to lead to the broader process of innovation. An input of R&D may or may not result in the output of an invention; the output of an invention may or may not result in an innovation (Johnson & Evenson, 1997;Ceh & Gatrell, 2006). Because invention is necessary for innovation to take place, quantifying inventive output using patents is useful to understanding regional innovation potential and outcome.…”

John Borchert's “American Metropolitan Evolution”

“…John Adams's classic 1970 article on the residential structure of Midwestern cities elaborated on the impacts of prevailing transportation technology on the density of residential development. Several other works have used Borchert's classification of epochs of city-system development as a point of departure for other analyses, often deeming Borchert's article as seminal or fundamental to current empirical research (Conzen 1977;Eysberg 1989;Ross 1993;Elliott 1997;Bartley 2006;Ceh and Gatrell 2006;Morcotullio and Schulz 2006).…”