Quick Assessment of Potential Hydrate Promoters for Rapid Formation

Abstract

Hydrate technology has advanced to greater proportions: implementing the high latent heats as refrigerant, safe carbon capture as carbon sequestration in hydrates, purifying rare gases in hydrates, and safe efficient transport of energy using rapid hydrate formation. These account for only a small amount of the fundamental understanding of gas hydrates and the use of such a novel technology. A quick and broad analysis of novel hydrate promoters is needed to assess the potential of other promoter agents. This will improve the understanding of rapid hydrate formation and fundamental ideas related to the kinetics and formation of hydrates. There are still hundreds of other surfactants that have not been identified for rapid formation. The insurmountable endeavor deters many from trying as it can be like finding a needle in a hay stack. This almost futile endeavor of correctly identifying a surfactant as a promoter agent without doing a formation test can be accomplished with recent techniques. Using Raman and a liquid hydrocarbon (Cyclo-pentane), surfactants may shift the sample's peak towards the hydrate peak (890 cm -1 ), thereby identifying it as a choice surfactant for rapid formation of hydrates. With a broad survey of surfactants, understanding fundamental science and engineering kinetics for hydrates will be easily achieved. Finding more effective and novel surfactants for hydrate formations will broaden the field of hydrates and self-assembling crystallization. As hydrate technology broadens, interdisciplinary fields can contribute expertise from surface science to spectroscopy leading to geological formations and engineering kinetics.

Phase Behavior of Clathrate Hydrates in the Ternary H2O–NH3–Cyclopentane System

“…Moreover, the signature of the liquid phase is a single band at 887.2 cm –1 . In the CP clathrate sample, the Raman signature is blue-shifted (895.5 cm –1 ) from the liquid as a result of the encapsulation effect within large cages . As noted before, the Raman signatures of solid CP have been found within the clathrate sample because CP is in excess within all samples.…”

Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Clathrate Hydrate Formation in the Presence of Hydrophobized Particles

“…This high-frequency shift of the CH 2 stretching bands is due to the encaging of CP molecules in the large cavities (5 12 6 4 ) of sII hydrate, which is in accordance with literature data. 53 The higher intensity of the peaks at 3200 cm -1 relative to the peak at 3400 cm -1 observed in THF and CP hydrate is consistent with the increased ordering of water molecules in the hydrate phase. The observation also agrees with the results reported by Hashimoto et al 54 who reported the Raman spectra of HFC-32 hydrate for which the peak at 3200 cm -1 was larger than that at 3400 cm -1 .…”

Nucleation Mechanisms of CO2 Hydrate Reflected by Gas Solubility

“…This abnormal point of 18225 s might be mainly attributed to the addition of promoter SDS under a high temperature of 9.5 °C. The specific role of surfactants in promoting hydrate formation is still undetermined 63 . Supposedly, a micelle formation caused by SDS solubility creates several sites for nucleation and enhances the formation rate of hydrates 64 .…”