Quest CCS facility: Halite damage and injectivity remediation in CO2 injection wells

Smith, Nial; Boone, Paul; Oguntimehin, Adegbenro; Essen, Gijs van; Guo, Rong; Reynolds, Michael A.; Friesen, Luke; Cano, Maria-Constanza; O’Brien, Simon

doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2022.103718

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…42 Furthermore, injectivity impairment can be caused by impurities due to the contaminants introduced during the maintenance of wells and flowline filters. 43 However, injection rate, effect of temperature, and injection pattern play vital roles in the mitigation of injectivity impairment. CO 2 can be injected into reservoirs either in liquid form or in supercritical form.…”

Section: Injectivity Impairmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The treatment operation improved injectivity by 263%. 43 Despite the progression of halide remediation treatment, still, the usage of biocide, heating total water, and the installation of the insulated tank to minimize heat loss are the limiting factors of this operation. All of the abovementioned methods add additional costs to injectivity loss treatment techniques.…”

Section: Injection Of Water-based Fluidmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Minireview on CO₂ Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers: Methods, Opportunities, Challenges, and Perspectives

Mim,

Negash,

Jufar

et al. 2023

Energy Fuels

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Section: Injectivity Impairmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Injection Of Water-based Fluidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minireview on CO₂ Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers: Methods, Opportunities, Challenges, and Perspectives

Mim,

Negash,

Jufar

et al. 2023

Energy Fuels

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“…It quantifies the CO 2 flow rate under a unit pressure drop between the inlet and outlet. 24 At the initial stage of injection when CO 2 breaks through the micromodel, salt precipitation has not yet occurred, and the pressure is stable. At this moment, the initial injectivity is defined as Π 0 = Q/ΔP 0 .…”

Section: Description Of the Experimental System And Thementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This phenomenon has been substantiated in actual storage projects and has already caused harm to existing CO 2 geological storage projects. 6,7 Talman et al 8 positioned a camera within an injection well and effectively recorded the substantial precipitation of salt on the well's interior wall at depths below 3000 m. Both the Ketzin 6 and Snøhvit 5 CO 2 storage projects confirmed a reduction in injectivity caused by salt precipitation, as evidenced by the pressure buildup observed during the CO 2 injection process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was caused by the solution surrounding the well flowing back during the shutdown, leading to salt precipitation and blockage of the injection well. 7 Therefore, ignorance of the supply of solution may lead to a serious underestimation of the influence of salt precipitation on injectivity. However, limited attention has been given to the influence of formation solution replenishment on the salt precipitation behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Investigation on Salt Precipitation Behavior during Carbon Geological Sequestration: Considering the Influence of Formation Boundary Solutions

Wang,

Chen,

Yuan

et al. 2023

Energy Fuels

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The issue of salt precipitation during CO 2 geological storage in saline aquifers has presented significant challenges to the injectivity of current CO 2 geological storage projects. Numerous research efforts have been dedicated to investigating this problem; however, many laboratory studies have overlooked the influence of boundary conditions on the solution supply. This paper addresses this gap by conducting a pore-scale experimental study incorporating solution supply in a specially designed micromodel. The results reveal that in the absence of a solution supply, salt precipitates in a dendritic structure and is spatially dispersed, which only marginally decreases the injectivity. In contrast, under conditions with solution supply, different salt precipitation behaviors are observed based on the injection rate of CO 2 . At low CO 2 injection rates, a salt cluster precipitates at the inlet, and the combination of significant porosity reduction and the formation of wet salt leads to a severe decrease in permeability. However, increasing the injection rate prevents salt accumulation at the inlet; instead, a U-shaped band of salt forms on both sides of the mainstream area and the outlet. These research findings shed light on the influence of solution supply boundary conditions on salt precipitation behavior and provide crucial guidance for effectively managing salt-related challenges in CO 2 geological storage projects.

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Simulation Study of sc-CO2 Based Silylation for Decreasing Severity of Water Blockage and Salt Precipitation during Geological CO2 Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers

Pratama,

Myers,

Permadi

et al. 2023

Transp Porous Med

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Deep saline aquifers are often favorable for underground CO2 sequestration due to their large capacity and relatively low likelihood for resource conflicts. However, many possible issues can arise during CO2 injection. Often these aquifers have a significant salinity level (as these often present minimal resource conflict issues) and as such salt precipitation near the injection wellbore can be problematic. Furthermore, when water blockage occurs, salt precipitation can be exacerbated since large amounts of water remain near the wellbore. Altering the rock wettability towards less water-wet can alleviate water blockage and in turn reduce the likelihood or severity of salt precipitation. Previous lab experiments have shown that supercritical CO2 (sc-CO2)-based silylation can effectively functionalize rock surfaces with hydrophobic silanes. In this study, numerical models were constructed to evaluate the combined effects of multi-phase fluid flow, water evaporation and salt precipitation assuming a change in wettability (thus impacting the relative permeability characteristics of the reservoir) resulting from the silylation process. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of this chemical treatment to address near wellbore salt precipitation induced by CO2 injection. According to the simulation results, a decrease in injectivity due to salt precipitation is more significant when water blockage is also present. Injectivity is deteriorated prominently in high salinity reservoirs with water blockage since evaporation into the injected CO2 phase will cause significant salt precipitation. In a representative formation, the injectivity decline is worse (up to 68.6% relative injectivity change (RIC)) when both salt precipitation and water blockage are considered since the latter provides more trapped brine inducing more salt accumulation around the wellbore. With hydrophobic silylation, the combined effects of salt precipitation and water blockage on RIC are decreased on an absolute basis by up to 7%. Depending on techno-economic considerations, this method is encouraged to be implemented as early as possible during a CO2 injection program to minimize salt accumulation from the outset.

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Quest CCS facility: Halite damage and injectivity remediation in CO2 injection wells

Cited by 19 publications

References 11 publications

Minireview on CO₂ Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers: Methods, Opportunities, Challenges, and Perspectives

Minireview on CO₂ Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers: Methods, Opportunities, Challenges, and Perspectives

Experimental Investigation on Salt Precipitation Behavior during Carbon Geological Sequestration: Considering the Influence of Formation Boundary Solutions

Simulation Study of sc-CO2 Based Silylation for Decreasing Severity of Water Blockage and Salt Precipitation during Geological CO2 Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers

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Quest CCS facility: Halite damage and injectivity remediation in CO2 injection wells

Cited by 19 publications

References 11 publications

Minireview on CO2 Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers: Methods, Opportunities, Challenges, and Perspectives

Minireview on CO2 Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers: Methods, Opportunities, Challenges, and Perspectives

Experimental Investigation on Salt Precipitation Behavior during Carbon Geological Sequestration: Considering the Influence of Formation Boundary Solutions

Simulation Study of sc-CO2 Based Silylation for Decreasing Severity of Water Blockage and Salt Precipitation during Geological CO2 Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers

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Minireview on CO₂ Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers: Methods, Opportunities, Challenges, and Perspectives

Minireview on CO₂ Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers: Methods, Opportunities, Challenges, and Perspectives