Quercus ilex leaf as a functional ingredient: Polyphenolic profile and antioxidant activity throughout simulated gastrointestinal digestion and antimicrobial activity

In Vitro Digestion of Polyphenolic Compounds and the Antioxidant Activity of Acorn Flour and Pasta Enriched with Acorn Flour

“…A reduction in TPC following in vitro gastrointestinal digestion has also been reported by other authors who have addressed this issue in lettuce [24] and burdock root flour [25]. Additionally, Sánchez-Gutiérrez et al [23] observed that following an increase in TPC levels during the gastric phase, there was a significant decrease in polyphenol content during the simulated gastrointestinal digestion of ground Quercus ilex leaves. Dacrema et al [26] reported a loss of polyphenolic compounds in commercial bioactive Epilobium angustifolium L. extract after the duodenal phase in the range of 11.83-98.07%.…”

“…As previously stated, the presence of phenolic compounds is linked to antioxidant activity, indicating a significant correlation between polyphenols and antioxidant capacity. Sánchez-Gutiérrez et al [23] discovered a significant positive correlation between the total polyphenol content and antioxidant properties in the leaf extract of Q. ilex (r 2 = 0.972) and ground leaves (r 2 = 0.963), as well as in the ORAC test in Q. ilex leaf extract (r 2 = 0.978) and ground leaf (r 2 = 0.918). These findings suggest that polyphenols play a significant role in the free radical scavenging properties of both matrices.…”

“…Ultimately, the metabolites of polyphenols lead to the formation of benzoic acid. It is important to note that the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of polyphenols can vary depending on factors such as the food matrix, processing methods and individual differences in digestion and metabolism [22,23].…”

Holm Oak (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.) Bark Aqueous Ammonia Extract for the Control of Invasive Forest Pathogens

“…As for leaf extracts, Boy et al [ 23 ] evaluated the efficacy of Q. ilex leaf extracts obtained by ultrasonication in 90% ( v / v ) ethanol-water against yeasts responsible for food spoilage, finding a high inhibition capacity against Candida boidinii C. ramirez , Priceomyces carsonii (Phaff et Knapp) Suzuki et Kurtzman , Kregervanrija fluxuum , (Phaff and E.P. Knapp) Kurtzman and Zygosacharomyces bailii (Lindner) Guillierm at a concentration of 2000 µg·mL −1 , attributed to the high content of phenolic compounds; Sánchez-Gutiérrez et al [ 24 ] demonstrated the antibacterial activity of an aqueous extract of Q. ilex leaves obtained by a microwave-assisted extraction procedure against foodborne Gram- and Gram+ bacteria with inhibition values in the 1000 to 5000 µg·mL −1 range; and Güllüce et al [ 25 ] tested in vitro a methanol extract of Q. ilex leaves against a wide range of human and plant-associated microorganisms, including Pseudomonas syringae Van Hall 1904, with a MIC of 250 µg·mL −1 . Berahou et al [ 10 ] tested different solvents (ethyl acetate, n -butanol, or water) to prepare Q. ilex bark extracts, and assayed them against 11 reference bacterial strains, finding inhibition values ranging from 128 to 512 μg·mL −1 ; Merghache et al [ 26 ] showed the inhibitory capacity of Q. ilex wood ashes against Candida albicans at a 5% concentration; and Bakour et al [ 27 ] studied the antibacterial effect of the ethanolic extract of pollen from six botanicals, including Q. ilex , finding that it was the most efficient against multidrug-resistant bacteria.…”

Brassica microgreens cabbage (Brassica oleracea), radish (Raphanus sativus) and rocket (Eruca vesicaria) (L.) Cav: application of red‐light emitting diodes lighting during postharvest storage and in vitro digestion on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity

“…During the intestinal phase, there was a noticeable improvement in the levels of antioxidant activity (FRAP, ABTS, and DPPH). Sánchez-Gutiérrez et al (2022) stated that the increase in antioxidant activities could be attributed to the digestive enzymes of the pancreas, such as lipase, pancreatin and protease, that help in releasing polysaccharides-linked polyphenols pin the intestinal phase (Sánchez-Gutiérrez et al, 2022).…”