Quasi-Real Time Quantification of Uric Acid in Urine Using Boron Doped Diamond Microelectrode with in Situ Cleaning

Abstract

We report herein an innovative electrochemical (EC) technique based on boron doped diamond (BDD) microelectrodes which enable the fast determination of uric acid (UA) concentrations in urine. On the basis of fast cyclic voltammetry (CV), the technique was assessed in human urine samples and compared successfully using routine spectrophotometric diagnosis. The approach relies on the use of BDD's superior properties such as low background current, low adsorption of species, long-term stability, and antifouling capabilities using electrochemical reactivation. Moreover, the article also describes an in situ activation technique, where the electrodes were reactivated within human urine, thereby opening the way toward automatic quantification of UA with in situ cleaning. The time taken to quantify UA concentration and cleaning remains below 0.5 s. Two analytic models were derived, based on different concentrations of ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid, consisting of 2 s order calibration curves. Solving the second order equation enables the direct estimation of UA concentration, and values demonstrated good accuracy when compared with spectrophotometric measurements.

Analytical Applications of Electrochemically Pretreated Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes

“…urine or blood) using a train of more intense, exclusively cathodic pulses: −20 mA cm −2 , 50 pulses of 110 ms duration with a duty cycle of 90.91 % ( q pt =−100 mC cm −2 ). Previously, the use of a similar, shorter and even more intense train of cathodic pulses (−100 mA cm −2 , 3 pulses of 100 ms duration with a duty cycle of 90 %; q pt =−27 mC cm −2 ) was reported as being sufficient to keep a BBD microelectrode active for the quantification of uric acid in urine diluted in a pH 7.2 phosphate buffer saline solution . More recently, Belghiti et al .…”

Determination of tramadol in pharmaceutical forms and urine samples using a boron-doped diamond electrode

“…7B). On the other hand, an unknown oxidation peak at about +1.00 V was observed in blank urine samples, which could be due to the oxidation of uric acid (UA) 30,31 . After several standard additions of UA, it was observed an increasing on this oxidation peak.…”

Effects of dynamic polarization on boron-doped NCD properties and on its performance for electrochemical-analysis of Pb (II), Cu (II) and Hg (II) in aqueous solution via direct LSV

“…The simultaneous electroanalysis of multi-metal ions by nanocrystalline BDD electrode has also been reported, such as for detection of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu [8] and even determination of multiple heavy metal ions in contaminated natural and processed water samples [9]. Other than heavy metals, BDD has also been applied for sensing various kinds of compound such as uric acid in urine [10], BOD [11], COD [12] and ozone [13]. Various voltammetry techniques have been employed with conductive diamond electrodes such as amperometric detection, anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV), abrasive stripping voltammetry (AbSV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) [2].…”