Determination of tramadol in pharmaceutical forms and urine samples using a boron-doped diamond electrode

Abstract

The present work describes the electroanalytical investigation and a novel voltammetric method for a cheap, fast and simple quantification of tramadol (TRH) using a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode. TRH displayed one well-defined, irreversible and adsorption-controlled oxidation peak at about +1.58 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in Britton-Robinson buffer (BR, 0.1 mol L -1 , pH 3.0) using cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. The voltammetric responses of the oxidation peaks are dependent on pH and its sensitivity was significantly enhanced in the existence of surfactant media (sodium dodecyl sulphate, SDS). In optimized experiment conditions, employing square-wave stripping mode, it was found that there was an excellent correlation between oxidation peak current and TRH concentration in the range of 0.25 to 50.0 μg mL -1 (8.34×10 -7 --1.67×10 -4 mol L -1 ), with a detection limit of 0.072 μg mL -1 (2.40×10 -7 mol L -1 ) in 0.1 mol L -1 BR buffer (pH 3.0) solution comprising 8×10 -4 mol L -1 SDS at +1.52 V (after 30 s accumulation at open-circuit condition). The developed approach can be used for the quantification of TRH in the pharmaceutical formulations and the spiked human urine samples with acceptable recoveries.

Interpol Review of Drug Analysis 2019-2022

“…2019 LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of tramadol hydrochloride in the presence of some suspected mislabeled drugs such as alprazolam, diazepam, chlorpheniramine maleate, diphenylhydramine and paracetamol [ 251 ]; electrochemical method to quantify tramadol hydrochloride in pure solutions and pharmaceuticals, employing the flow injection analysis (FIA) technique [ 252 ]; voltammetric platform using a glassy carbon electrode for determination of tramadol [ 253 ]; a tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) electrode coated with a thin dip-coated recast Nafion membrane for selective electrochemical determination of tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol [ 254 ]; sensor for detection of tramadol [ 255 ]; electroanalytical quantification of Tramadol [ 256 ]; 2020 synthesis and utilizing graphene (Gr)/Co3O4 nanocomposite for the development of a novel electrochemical sensor to detect tramadol by linear sweep voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, CV, and chronoamperometry [ 257 ]; development of two chromatographic methods (HPLC and HPTLC) for the simultaneous analysis of chlorzoxazone, diclofenac sodium and tramadol hydrochloride in presence of three of their related substances and potential impurities [ 258 ]; an amplified tramadol electrochemical sensor was fabricated based on surface modification of pencil graphite electrode by CuO nanoparticles and polypyrrole [ 259 ]; Rapid synthesis of BaFe12O19 nanoparticles for the electrochemical detection of tramadol in the presence of acetaminophen [ 260 ]; sensing platform based on Pt doped NiO/MWCNTs nanocomposite for enhanced electrochemical determination of epinephrine and tramadol simultaneously [ 261 ]; sensor for the simultaneous voltammetric detection of Acetaminophen and Tramadol [ 262 ]; sensor for qualitative and quantitative determination of tramadol using cyclic and square wave voltammetry techniques [ 263 ]; novel voltammetric method for the quantification of tramadol in pharmaceutical forms and urine samples [ 264 ]; electrochemical sensor for tramadol and acetaminophen [ 265 ]; graphite electrode for electrochemical determination of tramadol [ 266 ]; HPLC-UV method for identifying contaminants in Russian-made tramadol hydrochloride [ 267 ]; sensor for determination of tramadol in pharmaceutical samples [ 268 ]; electroanalytical sensor for tramadol with a detection limit of 50.0 nM in drug samples [ 269 ]; simultaneous quantification of acetaminophen and tramadol hydrochloride using a modification-free boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode [ 256 ]; kinetic spectrophotometric method for tramadol trace level detection [ 270 ]; 2021 spectrophotometric method for detection of trace levels of tramadol [ 270 ]; electrochemical sensor for determination of tramadol [ 271 ]; ...…”

Voltammetric quantification of the anesthetic drug propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) in the pharmaceutical formulations on a boron-doped diamond electrode

“…[28][29][30] Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode is a carbonaceous electrode material that offers distinctive features such as wide working window (both cathodic and anodic direction), low ground current, low signal noise ratio, operation in corrosive environments and giving reproducible responses to electrochemical analysis. [31][32][33][34] On the other hand, electroactive species that cannot be examined with conventional metal and other carbon electrodes can be analyzed with the wide working window of this electrode material. 35 BDD electrode allows limited modification with modifying agents compared to electrode materials such as glassy carbon.…”