Quartz crystal rheometry: A quantitative technique for studying curing and aging in artists' paints

Sturdy, Lauren F.; Casadio, Francesca; Kokkori, Maria; Muir, Kim; Shull, Kenneth R.

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.02.009

Cited by 14 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Also, looking at the effects of the temperature on an aged sample, or the effect of very high humidity or solvent vapor on the mechanical properties of the film can also provide information. These approaches have been utilized in our QCM work [26,32,35], and a similar philosophy is likely to be valuable for future nanoindentation experiments as well.…”

Section: Nanoindentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of zinc oxide filler on the curing and mechanical response of alkyd coatings

Sturdy

Wright

Yee

et al. 2020

Polymer

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Please cite this article as: L.F. Sturdy, M.S. Wright, A. Yee et al., Effects of zinc oxide filler on the curing and mechanical response of alkyd coatings, Polymer (2020), doi: https://doi. AbstractThe mechanical properties of an alkyd resin filled with zinc oxide pigment were studied at different concentrations over a wide range of time scales using dynamic mechanical analysis, quartz crystal rheometry and nanoindentation. The motivation for this work stems from the interest in accessing the long-term properties of paint coatings by studying the mechanical properties of historic paints. In this foundational work, we compare three different modalities of mechanical measurements and systematically determine the effect of pigment filler loading on the measured properties. Quantitative agreement between the methods is obtained when the characteristic time scales of each of the methods is taken into account. While nanoindentation is the technique most readily applied to historic paint samples, the rheometric quartz crystal microbalance (rheo-QCM) is the best suited for obtaining mechanistic information from measurements of paint properties over time, provided that appropriate thin-film samples can be produced. In these studies we find that ZnO increases the rate of oxidation of the alkyd during the initial stages of cure by an amount that depends on the ZnO content. J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Materials The alkyd films were prepared from Gamblin Artists Colors (Portland, OR) Galkyd mixed with Fischer Z50 zinc oxide ranging from 0.05 to 0.60 wet weight fraction. When necessary to change 2 J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof 7 J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof Thermogravimetric (TGA) experiments were conducted on naturally aged 5-month-old alkyd samples for four of the zinc oxide filler loadings listed in Table 1 to confirm the amount of zinc oxide pigment present relative to the binder after solvent evaporation. These results are shown in Figure 8 J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof -Zinc oxide accelerates the oxidative curing of alkyd paints. -Consistent results obtained with nanoindentation, dynamic mechanical analysis and high frequency rheometry. J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof Declaration of interest: none J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof

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Section: Nanoindentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of zinc oxide filler on the curing and mechanical response of alkyd coatings

Sturdy

Wright

Yee

et al. 2020

Polymer

Self Cite

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“…The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) can measure properties of films in both liquid and solid states [18,19], making it an ideal tool for systems such as alkyd paints that are initially very soft and become a glassy solid during the cure process. Capturing this wide range of properties is challenging using other mechanical techniques.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative characterization of alkyd cure kinetics with the quartz crystal microbalance

Sturdy

Yee

Casadio

et al. 2016

Polymer

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The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was used to measure the time-dependent mechanical properties of an alkyd resin throughout the transition from its application as a liquid to the formation of a solid film. Three different regions of curing were observed, corresponding to solvent evaporation; early stage curing, where the mass increases as oxygen is incorporated into the film; and long-term curing, where the mass decreases as volatile compounds are released. Mechanical property changes obtained at 15 MHz with the QCM were correlated with measurements at much lower frequencies utilizing traditional dynamic mechanical analysis. These mechanical property changes were in turn correlated to chemical changes tracked with Raman spectroscopy. From the temperature dependence of the curing process we obtain an effective activation energy of 4.1 kcal/mol.

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“…() is not necessary, and currently existing software tools, such as MATLAB, can be used to evaluate eq. () directly without the introduction of additional approximations . It has been shown that through the use of these mathematical programs, the rheumatic properties of viscoelastic coatings can be studied quantitatively and in greater detail …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the change in the resonance due to the presence of a film contains information about the viscoelastic properties of the films. Thus, the mechanical properties of the viscoelastic coatings and other films deposited on the surfaces of a quartz crystal can be quantitatively studied with the quartz crystal resonator technique …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probing the viscoelastic moduli of thin, soft films with a quartz crystal resonator

Tang

Fang

et al. 2016

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Coating biomaterials with thin, soft films can alter properties, such as the biocompatibility of the materials, whereas it remains a great challenge to probe the properties of such films. In this article, we show a method that allows for the determination of the viscoelastic moduli of thin, soft films deposited on the surface of a quartz crystal through the measurement of resonance frequency shifts and the broadening of the acoustic resonance of the crystal as a resonator. The method is based on transcendental equations, which describe the mechanical response of the quartz resonator with the deposited films. It differs from the currently widely used ones, which use a thin film approximation numerically through the solution of transcendental equations to determine the viscoelasticity of the films. We estimated the glass-transition temperature of a thin poly(vinyl butyral) film by measuring the change in the viscoelastic moduli of the film with increasing temperature, and the results agree well with the temperature obtained from other techniques. The method was not constrained to the range of the elastic moduli of the film, except where the acoustic film resonance occurred, and thus, could be applied to the study of a wide variety of thin, soft layers under different conditions. V C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44532.

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Quartz crystal rheometry: A quantitative technique for studying curing and aging in artists' paints

Cited by 14 publications

References 26 publications

Effects of zinc oxide filler on the curing and mechanical response of alkyd coatings

Effects of zinc oxide filler on the curing and mechanical response of alkyd coatings

Quantitative characterization of alkyd cure kinetics with the quartz crystal microbalance

Probing the viscoelastic moduli of thin, soft films with a quartz crystal resonator

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