Quantitative characterization of alkyd cure kinetics with the quartz crystal microbalance

Sturdy, Lauren F.; Yee, Alexander; Casadio, Francesca; Shull, Kenneth R.

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2016.09.063

Cited by 19 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(78 reference statements)

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“…The mass eventually begins to decrease as volatile compounds are formed and released from the coating. These effects have been discussed in some detail in our previous work with the base, unfilled alkyd [32]. The important and novel aspect point from the point of view of our current work is that the time required to reach the maximum mass is a quantitative measure of the kinetics of the oxidation reactions taking place during the early stages of the curing process.…”

Section: High-frequency Mechanical Characterization (Quartz Crystal Rmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…The mass initially increases as oxygen is incorporated into the film during the initial, oxidative curing steps of the material. This occurs over the first day of cure, with the measured mass increase correlating with the decrease in aliphatic double bonds as quantified by Raman spectroscopy [32]. The mass eventually begins to decrease as volatile compounds are formed and released from the coating.…”

Section: High-frequency Mechanical Characterization (Quartz Crystal Rmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Also, looking at the effects of the temperature on an aged sample, or the effect of very high humidity or solvent vapor on the mechanical properties of the film can also provide information. These approaches have been utilized in our QCM work [26,32,35], and a similar philosophy is likely to be valuable for future nanoindentation experiments as well.…”

Section: Nanoindentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of zinc oxide filler on the curing and mechanical response of alkyd coatings

Sturdy

Wright

Yee

et al. 2020

Polymer

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Please cite this article as: L.F. Sturdy, M.S. Wright, A. Yee et al., Effects of zinc oxide filler on the curing and mechanical response of alkyd coatings, Polymer (2020), doi: https://doi. AbstractThe mechanical properties of an alkyd resin filled with zinc oxide pigment were studied at different concentrations over a wide range of time scales using dynamic mechanical analysis, quartz crystal rheometry and nanoindentation. The motivation for this work stems from the interest in accessing the long-term properties of paint coatings by studying the mechanical properties of historic paints. In this foundational work, we compare three different modalities of mechanical measurements and systematically determine the effect of pigment filler loading on the measured properties. Quantitative agreement between the methods is obtained when the characteristic time scales of each of the methods is taken into account. While nanoindentation is the technique most readily applied to historic paint samples, the rheometric quartz crystal microbalance (rheo-QCM) is the best suited for obtaining mechanistic information from measurements of paint properties over time, provided that appropriate thin-film samples can be produced. In these studies we find that ZnO increases the rate of oxidation of the alkyd during the initial stages of cure by an amount that depends on the ZnO content. J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Materials The alkyd films were prepared from Gamblin Artists Colors (Portland, OR) Galkyd mixed with Fischer Z50 zinc oxide ranging from 0.05 to 0.60 wet weight fraction. When necessary to change 2 J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof 7 J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof Thermogravimetric (TGA) experiments were conducted on naturally aged 5-month-old alkyd samples for four of the zinc oxide filler loadings listed in Table 1 to confirm the amount of zinc oxide pigment present relative to the binder after solvent evaporation. These results are shown in Figure 8 J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof -Zinc oxide accelerates the oxidative curing of alkyd paints. -Consistent results obtained with nanoindentation, dynamic mechanical analysis and high frequency rheometry. J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof Declaration of interest: none J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof

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Section: High-frequency Mechanical Characterization (Quartz Crystal Rmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: High-frequency Mechanical Characterization (Quartz Crystal Rmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Nanoindentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of zinc oxide filler on the curing and mechanical response of alkyd coatings

Sturdy

Wright

Yee

et al. 2020

Polymer

Self Cite

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“…A direct way of monitoring the chemical changes on bulk alkyd films is given by time‐resolved IR and Raman spectroscopy . Development of the mechanical properties has been followed on a quartz crystal microbalance . Spatial (i.e., in depth) effects on the drying of alkyd binders has been studied by Confocal Raman Microscopy and NMR Imaging …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical curing of alkyd resin catalyzed by benzoylferrocene: Performance, kinetics, and thickness effects

Honzı́ček

Vinklárek

2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Catalytic properties of benzoylferrocene, as a representative of cobalt‐free drier, was investigated on alkyd resin modified with soybean oil. Mechanical tests, performed on alkyd films, revealed promising activity at low metal concentrations. A detailed analysis of time resolved infrared spectra was used for in‐depth investigation of chemical curing in the films. The experiments, performed in transmission mode, enabled determination of kinetic parameters for the autoxidation process. Effects of film thickness were investigated using attenuated total reflectance technique. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46184.

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“…The method has a long history, but its use as a technique for quantifying the time dependence of polymer curing is relatively new. A description of the application of the technique to quantitatively determine the properties of a thin polymer film was given previously (DeNolf et al, 2011(DeNolf et al, , 2014, as was its application to investigate the cure kinetics of an alkyd paint system (Sturdy et al, 2014(Sturdy et al, , 2016.…”

Section: Quartz Crystal Rheometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mechanics of Art Materials and Its Future in Heritage Science

Rogala¹,

DePriest²,

Charola³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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<div>In late 2016, “The Mechanics of Art Materials and Its Future in Heritage Science: A Seminar and Symposium” was held at the Smithsonian Institution’s historic Arts and Industries Building. Organized by the Smithsonian’s Museum Conservation Institute (MCI) and the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation, the two-day event brought experts in mechanics research from across the globe to discuss current and future trends in the study and preservation of cultural heritage. Speakers represented a continuum of innovative mechanics research in the cultural heritage sector, from its origins at the Smithsonian to current professionals working to shape the field and train future generations of scholars. The event began with the popular paint mechanics workshop created and taught by MCI senior research scientist emeritus Marion Mecklenburg, condensed into a single-day seminar of lectures and discussion. The second day featured an international group of speakers and case studies on the state of mechanics research around the globe, with an afternoon program focused on emerging U.S.-based speakers and their thoughts on the future of the field. This volume reflects a collaborative view of cultural heritage research in mechanics; beginning with a review of mechanics research at the Smithsonian Institution and followed by the nine papers presented by the symposium speakers, this publication incorporates the work of 15 national and international research centers. The Appendix includes a bibliography of Dr. Mecklenburg’s publications and his previously unpublished 1982 report on the mechanical behavior of painting materials.</div>

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Quantitative characterization of alkyd cure kinetics with the quartz crystal microbalance

Cited by 19 publications

References 39 publications

Effects of zinc oxide filler on the curing and mechanical response of alkyd coatings

Effects of zinc oxide filler on the curing and mechanical response of alkyd coatings

Chemical curing of alkyd resin catalyzed by benzoylferrocene: Performance, kinetics, and thickness effects

The Mechanics of Art Materials and Its Future in Heritage Science

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