Quantum secure direct communication based on quantum homomorphic encryption

Abstract

As one of the most important branches of quantum cryptography, quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is used to transmit the secret message directly rather than distribute a random key. Quantum homomorphic encryption (QHE) enables arbitrary quantum transformation on encrypted data without decrypting the data. To date, the previously proposed QSDC schemes are mainly based on different quantum states. The research of the QSDC scheme based on QHE is still blank. In this paper, a QSDC scheme by taking advantage of the properties of QHE is proposed. The proposed protocol has applied QHE and decoy photons to prevent various types of attacks. The proposed scheme only utilizes the rotation operation to encode the secret message which is easy to implement with the current technologies. Moreover, the communication efficiency and the qubit-utilization ratio are analyzed in this paper, which shows that this protocol has good performance in the qubit-utilization ratio, and the qubit efficiency of the QSDC scheme has improved.

Single-photon-based quantum secure protocol for the socialist millionaires’ problem

“…Since Bennett and Brassard [1] introduced the pioneering quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol in 1984, leveraging the distinctive properties of quantum mechanics instead of relying on computational complexity problems and demonstrating its unconditional security, a multitude of quantum cryptographic protocols have since been developed. These include quantum secret sharing [2][3][4], quantum secure direct communication [5][6][7], and quantum key agreement [8,9], aiming to address various cryptographic tasks. Quantum cryptography offers significant security advantages compared to classical cryptography, which is vulnerable to attacks from quantum algorithms (e.g., Shor's algorithm [10]).…”