Quantum Safe Lightweight Cryptography with Quantum Permutation Pad

Kuang, Randy; Lou, Dafu; He, Alex; Conlon, Alexandre

doi:10.1109/icccs52626.2021.9449247

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The ciphertext file produced from our proposed QPP streaming cipher demonstrates excellent randomness: 8 bits of entropy per 8 bits of ciphertexts, Chi Square value 237.64 with a p-value 0.775, arithmetical mean 127.49 compared to 127.50, very nice Monte Carlo value 3.141771788 compared to 3.14159265, and serial correlation value 8.2x10 -5 . The overall ENT testing results from QPP streaming cipher is very similar to AES-QPP-5 [17]. 6 plots the Shannon Entropy distribution with 120 MB ciphertext file from a streaming encryption implementation of 16 permutation matrices.…”

Section: Discussion Of Qpp Streaming Ciphermentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The Shannon entropy is 15.999244 bits per 16 bits of ciphertexts. The distribution demonstrates a nice Gaussian type with a med 957, minimum 826 and a maximum 1085, slightly better symmetry than AES-QPP-5 [17]. 2 illustrates performance comparisons among AES-256, AES-QPP-5, and QPP streaming cipher.…”

Section: Discussion Of Qpp Streaming Ciphermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AES-QPP has a footprint below 2KB and RAM memory 4KB, with performance improvement about 3x. In this paper, we extend the work [17] further for a quantum safe lightweight streaming cipher. This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 is for the summary of lightweight block cipher AES-QPP.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…QPP is a pad of quantum permutation matrices randomly selected from the n-bit permutation group [15,17] as shown in Fig. 1 for AES with 16 8-bit permutation matrices.…”

Section: Quantum Permutation Padmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In [17], the authors have applied QPP for a lightweight block cipher called AES-QPP, with 16 permutation matrices selected by using the shared classical random key to replace both SubBytes and AddRoundKey. AES-QPP has a footprint below 2KB and RAM memory 4KB, with performance improvement about 3x.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantum Secure Lightweight Cryptography with Quantum Permutation Pad

Kuang¹,

Lou²,

He³

et al. 2021

Adv. sci. technol. eng. syst. j.

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Quantum logic gates represent certain quantum operations to perform quantum computations. Of those quantum gates, there is a category of classical behavior gates called quantum permutation gates. As a quantum algorithm, quantum permutation pad or QPP consists of multiple quantum permutation gates to be implemented both in a quantum computing system as a quantum circuit operating on n-qubits' states for transformations and in a classical computing system represented by a pad of n-bit permutation matrices. Since first time proposed in 2020, QPP has been recently applied to create a quantum safe lightweight block cipher by replacing SubBytes and AddRoundKey with QPP in AES called AES-QPP. In AES-QPP, QPP consists of 16 selected 8-bit permutation matrices based on the shared classical key materials. For quantum safe, the key length can be any size from 256 bits to 4 KB. That means, this QPP holds up to 4 KB of Shannon information entropy. Its code size is less than 2 KB with 4 KB of RAM memory. In this paper, we propose to apply QPP for a streaming cipher and carry out its encryption performance and the randomness analysis of this streaming cipher. The proposed QPP streaming cipher demonstrates not only good randomness in its ciphertexts but also huge performance improvement: 13x faster than AES-256, with an overall runtime space (6.8 KB).

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Section: Discussion Of Qpp Streaming Ciphermentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussion Of Qpp Streaming Ciphermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…QPP is a pad of quantum permutation matrices randomly selected from the n-bit permutation group [15,17] as shown in Fig. 1 for AES with 16 8-bit permutation matrices.…”

Section: Quantum Permutation Padmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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