Quantum key distribution using multilevel encoding: security analysis

Bourennane, Mohamed; Björk, Gunnar; Gisin, Nicolas; Cerf, Nicolas J.

doi:10.1088/0305-4470/35/47/307

Cited by 73 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In each QFC stage, the converted sum-frequency (SF) light is detected using an APD or a PNR detector. By modulating the pump pulses, mutually-unbiased conversion-mode bases can be realized, allowing implementation of quantum protocols with multilevel encodings [10].A schematic of our proposed system is shown in Fig. 1(a), where the optical signals to be measured pass through a series of identical SFG waveguides, each pumped by pulses of appropriate temporal shape to drive one of the orthogonal conversion modes.…”

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Mode-resolved photon counting via cascaded quantum frequency conversion

Huang

Kumar

2013

Opt. Lett.

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Resources for the manipulation and measurements of high-dimensional photonic signals are crucial for implementing qudit-based applications. Here we propose potentially high-performance, chip-compatible devices for such purposes by exploiting quantum-frequency conversion in nonlinear optical media. Specifically, by using sum-frequency generation in a χ (2) waveguide we show how mode-resolved photon counting can be accomplished for telecom-band photonic signals subtending multiple temporal modes. Our method is generally applicable to any nonlinear medium with arbitrary dispersion property. c 2013 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 190.4410, 270.5290 Photonic signals are widely employed in many modern applications such as secure key generation, quantum computation, and near Holevo-capacity telecommunications [1]. In these applications, photons occupying low-dimensional Hilbert spaces composed of polarization or spatial degrees of freedom are most commonly used. Recently, the use of high-dimensional photonic signals, known as qud its, has attracted attention as they can offer significant advantages over qubits in terms of higher channel capacity, better information security, and so on. There have been quite a few proposals for using photonic qudits in applications such as secure telecommunications [2] and super-dense coding [3].Crucial to implementing the aforementioned quditbased applications are the capabilities for manipulating and measuring high-dimensional photonic signals. Existing solutions have been based on serializing multiple, linear, two-port optical devices [4] or using lossy spatialmode modulators [5]. Their performance in practice, particularly in large-d systems, will be highly inefficient due to the need for complicated experimental setups with high concomitant transmission losses.In this Letter, we study a potentially high efficiency, low-loss approach for manipulating and measuring photonic signals in high-dimensional Hilbert spaces composed of polarization, spatial, and temporal degrees of freedom. It is built on quantum-frequency conversion (QFC), a coherent process that can translate the carrier frequency (wavelength) of photonic signals without disturbing their quantum states, including any correlation or entanglement with other quantum objects [6]. It is well known that QFC in nonlinear media is efficient only for those appropriate combinations of wavelengths, spatiotemporal modes, and polarizations of the interacting light waves for which phase matching (PM) occurs. Thus it is possible to engineer the conditions for PM such that only photons in desired modes are frequency converted with high efficiency, while those in other modes remain unaffected [7]. By detecting the frequency-converted signals with ordinary single-photon detectors, differences in the photons' mode-profile details, which are otherwise difficult to monitor, can be precisely measured. In addition, by using photon-numberresolving (PNR) detectors, mode-resolved photon counting (MRPC) can be accomplished, based on which...

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Mode-resolved photon counting via cascaded quantum frequency conversion

Huang

Kumar

2013

Opt. Lett.

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“…One motivation for impressing many bits of information onto each photon is to increase the data transmission rate of a QKD system. Another more subtle motivation is to exploit the increased security of a QKD system that is afforded by the use of a larger state space [3,4].…”

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Influence of atmospheric turbulence on the propagation of quantum states of light using plane-wave encoding

Boyd¹,

Rodenburg²,

Mirhosseini³

et al. 2011

Opt. Express

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Abstract:We consider the possibility of performing quantum key distribution (QKD) by encoding information onto individual photons using plane-wave basis states. We compare the results of this calculation to those obtained by earlier workers, who considered encoding using OAM-carrying vortex modes of the field. We find theoretically that plane-wave encoding is less strongly influenced by atmospheric turbulence than is OAM encoding, with potentially important implications for free-space quantum key distribution.

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“…Now, the "asymmetric universal quantum cloning machines" [18], generalizations of the symmetric ones introduced by Bužek and Hillery [19], that are employed in Refs. [4,5] for the analysis of intercept attacks on the qunit in transmission from Alice to Bob, are characterized by a four-qunit state of the form (A.4). The resulting states of the clone-anticlone pair are thus fully analogous to the ancilla states Ẽ (m) kl in (A.1).…”

Section: Appendix: Intercept Attacksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[4,5] and the recent paper by Acín et al [6]. Likewise, there is a common assumption in the analysis of E91-type protocols, namely that the so-called square-root measurement (SRM, [7]) is optimal for Eve's processing of the ancillas; see the recent paper by Liang et al [8], for example.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum cryptography: Security criteria reexamined

et al. 2004

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We find that the generally accepted security criteria are flawed for a whole class of protocols for quantum cryptography. This is so because a standard assumption of the security analysis, namely that the so-called square-root measurement is optimal for eavesdropping purposes, is not true in general. There are rather large parameter regimes in which the optimal measurement extracts substantially more information than the square-root measurement.

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Quantum key distribution using multilevel encoding: security analysis

Cited by 73 publications

References 24 publications

Mode-resolved photon counting via cascaded quantum frequency conversion

Mode-resolved photon counting via cascaded quantum frequency conversion

Influence of atmospheric turbulence on the propagation of quantum states of light using plane-wave encoding

Quantum cryptography: Security criteria reexamined

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