Quantum key distribution using multilevel encoding

Bourennane, Mohamed; Karlsson, Anders; Björk, Gunnar

doi:10.1103/physreva.64.012306

Cited by 261 publications

(197 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

195

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Since the seminal paper by Allen et al [1] research in this field has accelerated. Interest has been driven by the promise of access to higher dimensional Hilbert spaces (especially larger alphabet quantum key distribution [2,3]), potential probes of heretofore hidden phenomena (even astronomical events [4]), metrology [5], use in micro-mechanics [6], and perhaps most importantlythe insight the study of OAM yields into the fundamental properties of light fields themselves. Especially illuminating, is the investigation of the quantum aspects of OAM carrying light modes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum orbital angular momentum of elliptically symmetric light

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We present a quantum mechanical analysis of the orbital angular momentum of a class of recently discovered elliptically-symmetric stable light fields -the so-called Ince-Gauss modes. We study, in a fully quantum formalism, how the orbital angular momentum of these beams varies with their ellipticity and discover several compelling features, including: non-monotonic behavior, stable beams with real continuous (non-integer) orbital angular momenta, and orthogonal modes with the same orbital angular momenta. We explore, and explain in detail, the reasons for this behavior. These features may have application to quantum key distribution, atom trapping, and quantum informatics in general -as the ellipticity opens up a new way of navigating the photonic Hilbert space.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum orbital angular momentum of elliptically symmetric light

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…One topic of fundamental importance is the design of protocols and implementations which increase the bit transmission rate and/or the security of the QKD scheme. It has been pointed out recently that one can achieve both of these objectives by increasing the dimensionality of the system, that is, encoding a random key string in d-dimensional qudits instead of the usual binary qubits [2,3].It is straightforward to generalize the well-known BB84 protocol [4] to qudits [2,3,5], for which it is possible to send on average log 2 d bits per sifted qudit. Higherdimensional qudits are advantageous not only for an increased bit transmission rate, but also increased security.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Higherdimensional qudits are advantageous not only for an increased bit transmission rate, but also increased security. An eavesdropper employing an intercept-resend strategy would induce a qudit error rate of E d 1 2 dÿ1 d , since half the time she measures in the wrong basis, and consequently sends the wrong state with a probability of d ÿ 1 =d [2,3].Experimentally, there are several methods of encoding d-dimensional qudits in photons, including time-bin [2], orbital angular momentum [6], the polarization state of more than one photon [7], and, more recently, position and linear momentum of entangled photons [8,9].Here we provide an experimental demonstration of quantum key distribution using higher-order d-dimensional alphabets encoded in the transverse spatial profile of single photons. Our scheme is based on the standard BB84 protocol [4], in which Alice chooses which state to send based on the value of a random bit a 1 , while her choice of basis is selected using random bit a 2 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our scheme is based on the standard BB84 protocol [4], in which Alice chooses which state to send based on the value of a random bit a 1 , while her choice of basis is selected using random bit a 2 . A twobasis BB84 protocol using qudits works the same way [2,3], however, Alice sends states according to the value of a random d-level ''dit''. A simple illustration of our scheme is shown in Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Quantum Key Distribution with Higher-Order Alphabets Using Spatially Encoded Qudits

Walborn¹,

Lemelle²,

Almeida³

et al. 2006

Phys. Rev. Lett.

232

174

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We present a proof of principle demonstration of a quantum key distribution scheme in higher-order d-dimensional alphabets using spatial degrees of freedom of photons. Our implementation allows for the transmission of 4.56 bits per sifted photon, while providing improved security: an intercept-resend attack on all photons would induce an average error rate of 0.47. Using our system, it should be possible to send more than a byte of information per sifted photon. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.090501 PACS numbers: 03.67.Dd, 42.25.Kb, 42.50.Ar Though quantum key distribution (QKD) has become a commercial reality [1], there is still much interest in fundamental research. One topic of fundamental importance is the design of protocols and implementations which increase the bit transmission rate and/or the security of the QKD scheme. It has been pointed out recently that one can achieve both of these objectives by increasing the dimensionality of the system, that is, encoding a random key string in d-dimensional qudits instead of the usual binary qubits [2,3].It is straightforward to generalize the well-known BB84 protocol [4] to qudits [2,3,5], for which it is possible to send on average log 2 d bits per sifted qudit. Higherdimensional qudits are advantageous not only for an increased bit transmission rate, but also increased security. An eavesdropper employing an intercept-resend strategy would induce a qudit error rate of E d 1 2 dÿ1 d , since half the time she measures in the wrong basis, and consequently sends the wrong state with a probability of d ÿ 1 =d [2,3].Experimentally, there are several methods of encoding d-dimensional qudits in photons, including time-bin [2], orbital angular momentum [6], the polarization state of more than one photon [7], and, more recently, position and linear momentum of entangled photons [8,9].Here we provide an experimental demonstration of quantum key distribution using higher-order d-dimensional alphabets encoded in the transverse spatial profile of single photons. Our scheme is based on the standard BB84 protocol [4], in which Alice chooses which state to send based on the value of a random bit a 1 , while her choice of basis is selected using random bit a 2 . A twobasis BB84 protocol using qudits works the same way [2,3], however, Alice sends states according to the value of a random d-level ''dit''. A simple illustration of our scheme is shown in Fig.

show abstract

“…Recently two other extensions were proposed where the authors have considered schemes using four states and two bases [4], and three states and four bases [5]. In an earlier work we generalized the BB84 protocol using an N-level system and M N + 1 complementary bases [6]. We have analysed some specific and rather simple, but realistic, eavesdropping attacks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%