Quantitative X-Ray Studies of Order in Amorphous and Crystalline Polymers

Krimm, Samuel; Tobolsky, A. V.

doi:10.1177/004051755102101106

Cited by 75 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Results in Figure 1 are in satisfactory agreement with the values obtained for polystyrene (8.84 and 4.67 A.) by Krimm and Tobolsky (5).…”

supporting

confidence: 88%

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X‐ray scattering by acrylonitrile + styrene copolymers

Beevers

White²

1964

J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Lett.

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“…Results in Figure 1 are in satisfactory agreement with the values obtained for polystyrene (8.84 and 4.67 A.) by Krimm and Tobolsky (5).…”

supporting

confidence: 88%

“…Orientation of polystyrene by 300% reduces the equatorial spacing t o 8.35 A. (5). Copolymerization with AN, a s shown, reduces this spacing roughly in proportion to the fraction of AN in a similar manner t o AN + MMA random copolymers ( l ) , vinyl acetate + vinyl chloride (9), and AN + vinylidene chloride copolymers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

X‐ray scattering by acrylonitrile + styrene copolymers

Beevers

White²

1964

J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Lett.

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“…The interpretation of the acquired diffractograms and mineral identification was performed using DIFFRACplus EVA software (Bruker-AXS) based on the International Centre for Diffraction Data Powder Diffraction File (2006) [6]. The degree of crystallinity (I c ) in the samples was calculated using the methodology of Krimm and Tobolsky [7] by the ratio of the crystalline area A c present in the diffractograms to the total area A t (= amorphous + crystalline) present in the same diffractograms, using the equation: I c = 100ˆ(A c /A t ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructural Control on Perlite Expansibility and Geochemical Balance with a Novel Application of Isocon Analysis: An Example from Milos Island Perlite (Greece)

et al. 2016

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Abstract:Representative perlite bulk rock samples from two areas of Milos Island, Greece were collected and the expansion properties of their industrial product were investigated. Coarse crude perlite from Tsigrado exhibits better expansibility, which is assigned to the presence of coarser crystallites in its bulk parent rock. During thermal treatment, the finer crystallites of the coarse crude perlite from Trachilas are entrapped in the groundmass and lead to overheating, which inhibits expansion and eventually results in shrinkage. Geochemical modification of the expanded perlites relative to their crude precursors were investigated, using the isocon method. Volatilisation of crystalline water is the main factor controlling mass reduction of the expanded perlites. Other elements, during the adequate expansion of the Tsigrado perlite, can be classified into three categories. The elements that participate preferentially in crystals decrease in the expanded material at amounts higher than the total mass loss of the rock, due to their escape controlled mainly by the removal of the crystalline phases. The elements equally participating in crystals and the groundmass show losses equivalent to the total mass loss of the rocks, as they escaped in the crystalline phases and airborne particles from the groundmass during thermal treatment. Decrease of highly incompatible elements, which mostly participate in the groundmass, in the expanded products is less than the total mass loss, as they escaped mainly in the airborne particles. The inadequate expansion and burst of the Trachilas perlite did not allow for a similar categorisation, due to random and unpredictable escape of the elements. We propose the application of this method to an artificial system to predict unexpandable mineral phases in bulk perlite, as well as elements that are most likely to participate in the amorphous perlite phase, which cannot be determined from a regular industrial production line. This graphical method may also predict environmental pollution of the atmosphere from the release of volatile compounds and airborne particles during thermal treatment of perlite or other processes of mineral treatment.

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“…These polymer/clay nanocomposites are classified into a new family of engineering plastics in respect of their higher strength, higher modulus, higher heat distortion temperature, and lower gas permeability. 6) In previous studies about WAXS observation of PS [7][8][9][10][11] , it was shown that the two characteristic peaks were observed at q=7.5 nm − 1 (inner peak) and 10.0 nm − 1 (outer peak)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Filler-Induced Structural Order and Mechanical Properties of Polystyrene-Silica Nanocomposites

Kondo

Someya

Yamada

et al. 2005

J. Soc. Rheol., Jpn

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This study is concerned with the relationship between wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) analysis and physical properties of amorphous polystyrene (PS)-silica (SiO 2 ) composites. Nanoporous SiO 2 for the fillers was prepared by the hydrothermal reaction and the structures of the composites were examined by WAXS. In their WAXS patterns, two characteristic peaks, inner peak and outer peak, were observed at q 7 nm −1 and 15 nm −1 corresponding to the intermolecular structure of PS chains and the intramolecular order of benzene rings, respectively. The ratio (I in ⁄I out =P) in intensity of the inner peak (I in ) to outer peak (I out ) affords the structural parameter to well characterize the intermolecular and intramolecular structures of PS molecules and the P values are observed to change widely from 0.183 to 1.16 depending on the material compositions. The elongation at the break point increases monotonously with increasing P, whereas the yield strength and the Young's modulus decrease with P for P=0.497 or below but remain almost constant for larger P values. The elongation of 4.5% for (PS+MPS) / SiO 2 is enormously larger than those for PS and the other composites, in contrast to a slight decrease of the other two properties relative to those for PS. It is also revealed that a strong interaction works between the COO or COOH groups of maleic anhydride modified polystyrene (MPS) and the OH groups of SiO 2 , which makes the PS polymer molecules to stack regularly on SiO 2 nanofillers, leading to control the physical properties of the composites.

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Quantitative X-Ray Studies of Order in Amorphous and Crystalline Polymers

Cited by 75 publications

References 36 publications

X‐ray scattering by acrylonitrile + styrene copolymers

X‐ray scattering by acrylonitrile + styrene copolymers

Microstructural Control on Perlite Expansibility and Geochemical Balance with a Novel Application of Isocon Analysis: An Example from Milos Island Perlite (Greece)

Filler-Induced Structural Order and Mechanical Properties of Polystyrene-Silica Nanocomposites

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