Quantitative X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis Using Fundamental Parameters: Application to Gold Jewelry

Honkimäki, V.; Hämäläinen, K.; Manninen, S.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4539(199609)25:5<215::aid-xrs165>3.0.co;2-z

Cited by 22 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The intensity ratio of the K a and K b line of each element was fixed according to Firestone et al (1996). The relative abundance of nutrient elements was obtained by taking into account the firstorder fluorescence generation process and factors depending on the experimental setup (Criss and Birks 1968;Fernández 1989;Honkimäki et al 1996). Higher order fluorescence effects were omitted.…”

Section: Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The elemental composition, the microfibril angle distribution and the shape of the cell cross-section in Norway spruce xylem

Peura

Sarén

Laukkanen

et al. 2008

Trees

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Relationships between the elemental composition, the microfibril angle (MFA) distribution and the average shape of the cell cross-section of irrigated-fertilised and untreated Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) earlywood were studied. Sample material was obtained from Flakaliden, Sweden. The elemental composition was studied by determining the relative mass fractions of the elements P, S, Cl, K, Ca and Mn by X-ray fluorescence and by determining the mass absorption coefficients for X-rays. X-ray diffraction was used to determine the MFA distribution and the average shape of the cell cross-section. The latter was also determined by light microscopy. In transition from juvenile wood to mature wood, a decrease of the mode of the MFA distribution from 13°-24°to 3°-6°was connected to a change in the shape of the cell cross-section from circular to rectangular. The irrigation-fertilisation treatment caused no change in the MFA distribution or in the shape of the cell cross-section, whereas the mass absorption coefficient was higher and the density was smaller in irrigated-fertilised wood. Larger proportion of the elements S, Cl and K, but smaller proportion of the element Mn, were observed due to the treatment. The results indicate that the shape of the cell cross-section or the MFA distribution are not directly linked to the growth rate of tracheids or to the nutrient-element content in the xylem and only show notable changes as a function of the cambial age.

show abstract

Section: Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The elemental composition, the microfibril angle distribution and the shape of the cell cross-section in Norway spruce xylem

Peura

Sarén

Laukkanen

et al. 2008

Trees

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In contrast to chemical methods, physical methods such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) or neutron activation methods are faster, but they also have some limitations. XRF methods cannot detect lighter elements, and the depth information is limited to only 1-2 mm [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The corresponding detection limit for XRF is typically of the order of several ppm. The limit of detection (LoD) in LIBS depends on the element and number of other factors, and is of the order of the several ppm for metallic elements and worse for non-metallic elements [3,26,27]. Moreover the depth information for LIBS is of the order of few tens of microns depending upon the laser power.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of multiple elements in coal samples from Bangladesh by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Haider

Rony

Lubna

et al. 2011

Optics & Laser Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Wavelength dispersive Xray fluorescence provides more accurate results than its energy dispersive counterpart (for very accurate gold analysis, wet ground sample surface has been shown to be necessary). Under this condition, the method allows the determination of gold fineness in a gold alloy with an accuracy very close to that obtained by cupellation, i.e., within the order of 0.1% (3)(4)(5)(6)(7). On the other hand, WDXRF is an expensive technique, with significant installation requirements and high operational costs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Application of energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence to jewellery samples determining gold and silver

2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cupellation is the most usual reference technique for determining the gold content of jewellery alloys in Assay Offices. This technique, based on the refining of gold, have been known to humanity a long time ago -it was first described by the Egyptians in a Cuneiform tablet dating back to around 1360 BC -. It consists on the removal of all base metals from a sample by oxidation in a cupel (a porous crucible made of magnesium oxide which absorbs the oxidised metals) placed in an oven under conditions as described by the ISO Standard 11426. The result is a pure gold-silver alloy. The removal of the silver is carried out by dissolution in nitric acid to leave a residue of pure gold which is then weighed. The ratio between the sample weights before and after the process yields the gold content of the former alloy. This technique is cheap and accurate (its precision can reach 0.02%) (1). However, it is affected by a series of drawbacks, namely:• It is destructive.• It determines only the gold content.• Platinum group metals (insoluble in nitric acid) present in the samples lead to errors if they are not detected and conveniently removed. There are some other techniques suitable for gold analysis such as touchstone, parting, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively-coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP). They are destructive techniques, although some of them need minute sample amounts, and most require sample preparation. Furthermore, with the exception of ICP, these methods lack sufficient accuracy.The most common official method for the determination of silver is potentiometric titration. It is a destructive technique based on the potentiometric monitoring of the precipitation of silver chloride (ISO Standard 11427). Silver can also be determined by spectroscopic techniques, but its aqueous solutions are quite unstable and the results are not as accurate as required.X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a technique based on the effect that high energetic X-radiation excites at a specimen of an elemental mixture lower enegetic X-lines specific for the present elements. The source that provides photons of sufficient energy to carry this out -known as primary radiation -is, most times, an X-ray tube in which electrons are accelerated from the cathode to the anode by a high voltage. A high-energy quantum radiation is generated by interaction with the anode material. This radiation is led to the sample, in which the interaction generates a second X-ray beam, called secondary radiation, that is detected and conveniently quantified. Each element emits its unique characteristic secondary X-rays, the energy of which is related to the analyte concentration, the sample matrix, and excitation and detection conditions (2). The main advantages of the technique are its non-destructive character and the capability of determining, not only the gold content, but the whole composition of an alloy. AbstractThe results from a study of the real scope of energydispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis in an Assay Office, in which precious metal s...

show abstract

Quantitative X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis Using Fundamental Parameters: Application to Gold Jewelry

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

The elemental composition, the microfibril angle distribution and the shape of the cell cross-section in Norway spruce xylem

The elemental composition, the microfibril angle distribution and the shape of the cell cross-section in Norway spruce xylem

Detection of multiple elements in coal samples from Bangladesh by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Application of energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence to jewellery samples determining gold and silver

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About