Quantitative morphology of the human foot in a North American population

Abstract

A comprehensive series of variables that describe the essential three dimensional characteristics of the human foot is presented together with descriptive statistics derived from a diverse civilian population (n = 1197), representing a wide age range (18-85 years) and randomly selected in terms of physical demands placed upon the foot in the course of a normal working day. The paper illustrates the effect of linear scaling of the first, second and fifth digit lengths upon forefoot shape. The ratio of the pternion to metatarsale tibiale and fibulare lengths determine the angle and position of the axis across the metatarsal-phalangeal joint (MPJ). The height of the hallux, MPJ, dorsum, and arch are shown to vary independently from all other variables and in conjunction with akropodion to dorsum length and dorsum to distal heel length, provide the necessary information for describing the characteristics of the foot in the sagittal plane. Girth measures provide serial information across the foot in the coronal plane to complete comprehensive data on the three dimensional shape of the foot.

Posture-dependent control of stimulation in standing neuroprosthesis: Simulation feasibility study

“…The neutral posture located the CoM at 5.2 cm in the AP direction and 0.0 cm in the ML direction measured from the ground reference frame located at the midpoint between the calcaneus bones of the two feet. defined in a grid on the estimated BoS that covered the area between the two feet for a typical normal human standing with feet placed shoulder-width apart [20]. The optimization routine was repeated 40 times for each prescribed CoM location, each time from a different randomly generated set of initial joint angles.…”

Foot measurements from three-dimensional scans: A comparison and evaluation of different methods

“…There are many studies on foot anthropometry that describe different techniques to measure critical dimensions on feet (Freedman et al, 1946;Rossi, 1983;Hawes and Sovak, 1994;Kouchi, 2003;Bunch, 1988;Liu et al, 1999). In terms of technology development, there has been an exponential growth in laser scanner technologies with various applications in recent years (Blais et al, 2000;Gärtner et al, 1999;Houle et al, 1997;Wehr, 1999) that claim accuracy within 1 mm.…”

How Fine Are the Emperor’s Clothes? – Motivating Critical and Ethical Design Practices by Deconstructing Engineering Codes and Standards

“…We asked students to perform a quick "sanity check" by estimating if they could fit their entire foot on a step designed to the minimum Code requirement (run length of 210 mm). Most expected that they could not (especially if wearing a shoe) -a predictable outcome when taken with the average North American adult Caucasian male foot length of roughly 263 mm [9]. To emphasize the importance of checking design requirements with research, we noted epidemiological [10] and biomechanical [11] data that supported longer step run lengths to reduce the risk of falls, as well as codes and standards from other jurisdictions that had adopted more conservative provisions (e.g.…”