Quantitative molecular viral loads in 7 horses with naturally occurring equine herpesvirus‐1 infection

Estell, Krista E.; Dawson, Dominic R.; Magdesian, K. Gary; Swain, E. A.; Laing, Steven T.; Sisó, Sílvia; Mapes, S.; Pusterla, Nicola

doi:10.1111/evj.12351

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…The only EHV-5 PCR-negative BALF originated from an EMPF case that had been collected well after treatment with corticosteroids and acyclovir. The prior treatment could have negatively affected the EHV-5 PCR results, similar to what has recently been reported following a similar treatment regimen in horses with EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy [17]. Further, the earlier PCR assays used to detect EHV-5 in BALF did not include an internal housekeeping gene in order to assess amount and quality of nucleic acids.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Assessment of quantitative polymerase chain reaction for equine herpesvirus‐5 in blood, nasal secretions and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the laboratory diagnosis of equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis

Pusterla

Magdesian

Mapes

et al. 2016

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Although histopathological confirmation (lung biopsy) is considered the gold standard for EMPF diagnosis, results of qPCR testing of BALF or a combination of whole blood and nasal secretions should be regarded as clinically useful in support of this diagnosis. The latter testing may be relevant when dealing with horses in respiratory distress, for which invasive procedures such as BALF collection or lung biopsies may be detrimental to their health.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Assessment of quantitative polymerase chain reaction for equine herpesvirus‐5 in blood, nasal secretions and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the laboratory diagnosis of equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis

Pusterla

Magdesian

Mapes

et al. 2016

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…Previous work on valacyclovir has shown that replication stops immediately after initiation of treatment for alpha herpesviruses [16]. The present data are in agreement with a previous study showing the rapid decline in viral loads in blood and nasal secretions from horses with EHM treated with valacyclovir [17]. However, the susceptibility to EHV-1 infection was retained following discontinuation of valacyclovir, as exemplified by five horses that developed abnormal clinical signs during the second or third week of the outbreak.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Investigation of an EHV-1 Outbreak in the United States Caused by a New H752 Genotype

Pusterla

Barnum

Miller³

et al. 2021

Pathogens

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Here we report on an EHV-1 outbreak investigation caused by a novel genotype H752 (histidine in amino acid position 752 of the ORF 30 gene). The outbreak involved 31 performance horses. Horses were monitored over a period of 35 days for clinical signs, therapeutic outcome and qPCR results of EHV-1 in blood and nasal secretions. The morbidity of the EHV-1 outbreak was 84% with 26 clinically infected horses displaying fever and less frequently anorexia and distal limb edema. Four horses showed mild transient neurological deficits. Clinically diseased horses experienced high viral load of EHV-1 in blood and/or nasal secretions via qPCR, while subclinically infected horses had detectable EHV-1 mainly in nasal secretions. The majority of infected horses showed a rise in antibody titers to EHV-1 during the outbreak. All 31 horses were treated with valacyclovir, while clinically infected horses further received flunixin meglumine and sodium heparin. This investigation highlights various relevant aspects of an EHV-1 outbreak caused by a new H752 genotype: (i) importance of early detection of EHV-1 infection; (ii) diagnostic challenge to assess H752 genotype; (iii) apparent benefit of valacyclovir use in the early stage of the outbreak; and (iv) weekly testing of blood and nasal secretions by qPCR in order to monitor individual infection status and lift quarantine.

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“…According to the Center for Emerging Issues report of 2007, EHM satisfies the requirement for an emerging viral disease premised on (1) the more virulent nature of the circulating EHV-1 strains than previously reported and (2) increased incidence of the disease with a heightened case fatality rate (APHIS and USDA, 2008). Increased outbreaks of EHM were reported not only in North America and Europe, but also in Africa, Oceania, and Asia (Henninger et al, 2007; Gryspeerdt et al, 2011; Tsujimura et al, 2011; Burgess et al, 2012; Pronost et al, 2012; Traub-Dargatz et al, 2013; Walter et al, 2013; Estell et al, 2015; van Galen et al, 2015; McFadden et al, 2016; Negussie et al, 2017). The recent increased incidence of EHM during EHV-1 outbreaks supports the observation that the currently circulating neuropathogenic EHV-1 strain has evolved into a more pathogenic strain producing a higher rate of morbidity and mortality than previously (APHIS and USDA, 2007).…”

Section: Pathogenesis and Disease Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

EHV-1: A Constant Threat to the Horse Industry

2019

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Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is one of the most important and prevalent viral pathogens of horses and a major threat to the equine industry throughout most of the world. EHV-1 primarily causes respiratory disease but viral spread to distant organs enables the development of more severe sequelae; abortion and neurologic disease. The virus can also undergo latency during which viral genes are minimally expressed, and reactivate to produce lytic infection at any time. Recently, there has been a trend of increasing numbers of outbreaks of a devastating form of EHV-1, equine herpesviral myeloencephalopathy. This review presents detailed information on EHV-1, from the discovery of the virus to latest developments on treatment and control of the diseases it causes. We also provide updates on recent EHV-1 research with particular emphasis on viral biology which enables pathogenesis in the natural host. The information presented herein will be useful in understanding EHV-1 and formulating policies that would help limit the spread of EHV-1 within horse populations.

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Quantitative molecular viral loads in 7 horses with naturally occurring equine herpesvirus‐1 infection

Cited by 16 publications

References 16 publications

Assessment of quantitative polymerase chain reaction for equine herpesvirus‐5 in blood, nasal secretions and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the laboratory diagnosis of equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis

Assessment of quantitative polymerase chain reaction for equine herpesvirus‐5 in blood, nasal secretions and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the laboratory diagnosis of equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis

Investigation of an EHV-1 Outbreak in the United States Caused by a New H752 Genotype

EHV-1: A Constant Threat to the Horse Industry

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