Assessment of quantitative polymerase chain reaction for equine herpesvirus‐5 in blood, nasal secretions and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the laboratory diagnosis of equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis

Pusterla, Nicola; Magdesian, K. Gary; Mapes, S.; Zavodovskaya, Regina; Kass, Philip H.

doi:10.1111/evj.12545

Cited by 17 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Equine herpesvirus‐5 has been associated with the development of multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF), herpetic ocular disease, and lymphoma in horses, however, these diseases are rare while of EHV‐5 shedding in the equine population is common . It has previously been reported that horses with nasal secretion viral loads of >650 000 gB genes/million cells were more likely to have EMPF than controls . Interestingly, 38.2% of EHV‐5 qPCR positive horses in our study were shedding >650 000 gB genes/million cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency of shedding of respiratory pathogens in horses recently imported to the United States

Smith

Watson

Spier

et al. 2018

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundImported horses that have undergone recent long distance transport might represent a serious risk for spreading infectious respiratory pathogens into populations of horses.ObjectiveTo investigate the frequency of shedding of respiratory pathogens in recently imported horses.AnimalsAll imported horses with signed owner consent (n = 167) entering a USDA quarantine for contagious equine metritis from October 2014 to June 2016 were enrolled in the study.MethodsProspective observational study. Enrolled horses had a physical examination performed and nasal secretions collected at the time of entry and subsequently if any horse developed signs of respiratory disease during quarantine. Samples were assayed for equine influenza virus (EIV), equine herpesvirus type‐1, −2, −4, and −5 (EHV‐1, −2, −4, −5), equine rhinitis virus A (ERAV), and B (ERBV) and Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi) using quantitative PCR (qPCR).ResultsEquine herpesviruses were detected by qPCR in 52% of the study horses including EHV‐2 (28.7%), EHV‐5 (40.7%), EHV‐1 (1.2%), and EHV‐4 (3.0%). Clinical signs were not correlated with being qPCR‐positive for EHV‐4, EHV‐2, or EHV‐5. None of the samples were qPCR‐positive for EIV, ERAV, ERBV, and S. equi. The qPCR assay failed quality control for RNA viruses in 25% (46/167) of samples.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceClinical signs of respiratory disease were poorly correlated with qPCR positive status for EHV‐2, −4, and −5. The importance of γ‐herpesviruses (EHV‐2 and 5) in respiratory disease is poorly understood. Equine herpesvirus type‐1 or 4 (EHV‐1 or EHV‐4) were detected in 4.2% of horses, which could have serious consequences if shedding animals entered a population of susceptible horses. Biosecurity measures are important when introducing recently imported horses into resident US populations of horses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency of shedding of respiratory pathogens in horses recently imported to the United States

Smith

Watson

Spier

et al. 2018

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…These clinical signs occur in several respiratory diseases in horses. In a study on the detection of EHV-5 in horses with EMPF and other respiratory diseases, the clinical signs observed in different groups were similar (Pusterla et al 2015), thus demonstrating their non-specificity. EMPF is difficult to diagnose in a living animal and may be suspected based on clinical and radiological examination, lung biopsy, and identification of EHV-5 by tracheal lavage with PCR analysis (Williams et al 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis in southern Brazil: pathology and differential diagnosis

et al. 2017

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Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF) diagnosed at the Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico of Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (LRD/UFPel), is described. Differential aspects of other pulmonary diseases in horses with pneumonia and interstitial fibrosis were discussed. The disease occurred in a 15-year-old equine that presented with clinical signs of respiratory distress, intermittent fever, anorexia, and dyspnea. Macroscopically, there was enlargement of the lungs with whitish, pale, firm and well-delimited nodules, approximately 7-10 cm in diameter, distributed throughout the parenchyma. Histologically, the lung nodules had alveolar spaces with walls covered by cuboidal epithelium containing macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes and, eventually, multinucleated giant cells. The interstitium was markedly thickened by mature fibrous connective tissue and collagen. There were intranuclear inclusion bodies in the macrophages. The PCR technique for detecting the EHV-5 DNA was positive. In a retrospective study of pneumonia cases in horses with interstitial fibrosis diagnosed in the LRD/UFPel, two animals had macroscopic and histological lesions similar to those with EMPF, but they were negative for EHV-5 in PCR. Four cases diagnosed with pneumonia and interstitial tissue fibrosis had a histological pattern that was different from that observed in the EMPF animal, thus eliminating the possibility of EMPF. It is concluded that EMPF is a sporadic disease that should be considered in cases of respiratory disease in horses. Reports of such cases are important to alert technicians about the occurrence of rare diseases in Brazil. It is also necessary to establish the true role of EHV-5 in the pathogenesis of EMPF. Cases of pulmonary fibrosis such as EMPF, in which the virus is not present, should be studied to establish whether it could be an idiopathic form of the disease.

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“…However, some agents such has EHV5 or intracellular bacteria are not always easily isolated (Allam and Lemcke ; Pusterla et al . ). The mare also had a history of strangles and was not adequately vaccinated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Pulmonary biopsy, naso-pharyngeal swab and transtracheal wash cytology and bacteriology could not establish the aetiology of the respiratory distress and the pulmonary fibrosis. However, some agents such has EHV5 or intracellular bacteria are not always easily isolated (Allam and Lemcke 1975;Pusterla et al 2015). The mare also had a history of strangles and was not adequately vaccinated.…”

Section: Complementary Examinationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cor pulmonale secondary to pulmonary fibrosis in a 16‐year‐old mare

Corre

Thomas‐Cancian

Peyrecave

et al. 2018

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary A 16‐year‐old mare was presented as an emergency to the Equine Hospital of the Veterinary School of Lyon, with a 1‐month history of respiratory distress. On admission the mare was in poor body condition, with severe inspiratory and expiratory dyspnoea associated with severe hypoxaemia and marked tachycardia. Wheezes were auscultated. A pulmonary biopsy revealed fibrosis of about 40% of the parenchyma. Following an episode of atrial fibrillation, an echocardiogram was carried out which revealed signs of pulmonary hypertension, consistent with cor pulmonale. Despite the lack of aetiologic explanation for the primary pulmonary disease, the general condition of the mare improved with the administration of high‐dosed corticoids and antimicrobial therapy.

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Assessment of quantitative polymerase chain reaction for equine herpesvirus‐5 in blood, nasal secretions and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the laboratory diagnosis of equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis

Cited by 17 publications

References 20 publications

Frequency of shedding of respiratory pathogens in horses recently imported to the United States

Frequency of shedding of respiratory pathogens in horses recently imported to the United States

Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis in southern Brazil: pathology and differential diagnosis

Cor pulmonale secondary to pulmonary fibrosis in a 16‐year‐old mare

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