Quantitative investigation on the effects of ice crystal size on freeze-drying: The primary drying step

Comparison of the Design Space of Products with Different Initial Saturation

“…31.36 It is worthy to note that the a in the pressure expression was taken to be 1.2 and the pore size was estimated to be 50mm. 37 As can be seen from the figure, the simulation results reproduce relatively well with the experimental results. From the discussion above, it could be concluded that the model is reliable and convincing to build the design space.…”

Confinement–Segregation Theory to Explain the Formation Mechanism of Peptide-Containing Particles in Metered Dose Inhalers

“…(1) This involves the yielding of an in situ void. During the freeze-drying process, ice crystals in the initial inner phase sublime under extremely low pressure [14], and the volume previously occupied by them turns into a void. In this context, the initial expanding force fades, and the induction force for the transient noncovalent polymer zone becomes insufficient.…”

Influence of Cooling Rate on Ice Crystallization and Melting in Sucrose-Water System

“…Relatively fast cooling rates give a higher amount of non-frozen water and longer secondary drying steps. Another parameter that can have an impact on the duration of freeze-drying steps is the size of ice crystals 26 . Since it is difficult to investigate it using DSC, in this study we focused on the amount of the ice mass needed to sublimate.…”