Quantitative GC-MS Analysis of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Fiber Hemp Varieties

Hewavitharana, Amitha K.; Golding, Gary; Tempany, G.; King, Graham S.; Holling, N.

doi:10.1093/jat/29.4.258

Cited by 41 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…in forensic chemistry [5,8,[14][15][16][17][18]. However, as this method is based on heating the sample, thermal conversion occurs and the acidic forms of cannabinoids are converted into their decarboxylated counterparts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gas Chromatography (GC) is the most commonly used method for the analysis of cannabis products [5,8,[14][15][16][17][18], but it does not permit the determination of acidic cannabinoids due to decarboxylation into their neutral forms during analysis. Furthermore, this thermal conversion of acidic cannabinoids seems to be incomplete [19].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of the major cannabinoids in C. sativa L., is generally accepted to be the compound that possesses the psychoactive properties [5,6]. In plant tissues, cannabinoids are biosynthesized in an acidic (carboxylated) form.…”

Section: Cannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In many countries, hemp cultivation is prohibited by legislation because of the presence of the psychoactive compounds. In countries where hemp cultivation is allowed, the cultivars are tested in order to verify that the psychoactive potency is below a minimum acceptable level [5]. In Europe, the maximum THC content allowed for the cultivation of hemp is either 0.2% or 0.3% of the weight of dry matter, in function of the country.…”

Section: Phenotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Innovative development and validation of an HPLC/DAD method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of major cannabinoids in cannabis plant material

Backer

Debrus

Lebrun

et al. 2009

Journal of Chromatography B

249

219

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GC is commonly used for the analysis of cannabis samples, e.g. in forensic chemistry. However, as this method is based on heating of the sample, acidic forms of cannabinoids are decarboxylated into their neutral counterparts. Conversely, HPLC permits the determination of the original composition of plant cannabinoids by direct analysis. Several HPLC methods have been described in the literature, but most of them failed to separate efficiently all the cannabinoids or were not validated according to general guidelines. By use of an innovative methodology for modelling chromatographic responses, a simple and accurate HPLC/DAD method was developed for the quantification of major neutral and acidic cannabinoids present in cannabis plant material: Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), THC acid (THCA), cannabidiol (CBD), CBD acid (CBDA), cannabigerol (CBG), CBG acid (CBGA) and cannabinol (CBN). Delta8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta8-THC) was determined qualitatively. Following the practice of design of experiments, predictive multilinear models were developed and used in order to find optimal chromatographic analytical conditions. The method was validated following an approach using accuracy profiles based on beta-expectation tolerance intervals for the total error measurement, and assessing the measurements uncertainty. This analytical method can be used for diverse applications, e.g. plant phenotype determination, evaluation of psychoactive potency and control of material quality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Phenotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Innovative development and validation of an HPLC/DAD method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of major cannabinoids in cannabis plant material

Backer

Debrus

Lebrun

et al. 2009

Journal of Chromatography B

249

219

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Cannabis species, the source of marijuana and other preparations, is cultivated in various countries, mainly 1 3 (MS) are the main techniques used for determination of cannabinoids contents in cannabis products [1,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. In the present work, a rapid and simple procedure was optimized for determination of the three main cannabinoids (Δ 9 -THC, CBD, and CBN) in cannabis preparations using GC with fl ame-ionization detection (FID).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabinoid contents in cannabis products seized in São Paulo, Brazil, 2006–2007

et al. 2008

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in the tropical regions of South America such as Peru and Brazil. It is one of the oldest cultivated nonfood plants. More than 400 compounds have been isolated from different parts of cannabis plants and approximately 60 of them are cannabinoids or terpenic substances similar to Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC) [1]. The only cannabinoids recognized by their psychoactive properties are Δ 9 -THC, Δ 8 -THC, and Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ 9 -THCV). Nevertheless, except for Δ 9 -THC, other active constituents are not present in signifi cant concentrations in the plants and probably do not contribute to the effects of Cannabis [2]. Nonactive cannabinoids tend to be present in signifi cant amounts, including cannabinol (CBN) and cannabidiol (CBD); the concentrations of every cannabinoid can vary depending on genetic factors, environmental conditions of the cultivation, the time of harvest, and other factors such as drying and storage conditions [3,4].On the basis of cannabinoid contents, cannabis plants are divided into "fi ber type" and "drug type." Applying a general formula for the percentage of the three main cannabinoids, it is possible to obtain the "phenotypic ratio," which can be used for the classifi cation of the plant [5]:Phenotypic ratio -THC %CBN %CBD = + %Δ 9 A phenotypic ratio greater than 1 indicates drug type. For forensic applications, there is a general consensus that a cannabis plant is defi ned as drug type when its leaves and infl orescences present a Δ 9 -THC content not lower than 0.5% [5].Gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) coupled or not coupled with mass spectrometry Abstract A rapid and simple method was optimized for determination of Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN) contents in cannabis products by gas chromatography with fl ameionization detection (GC-FID), using diazepam as internal standard. All parameters of validation of the method such as linearity, intraassay precision, and limits of detection and quantifi cation of the analytes were satisfactory. Using the described method, cannabinoid contents of 55 cannabis product samples seized in São Paulo City, Brazil, in 2006 and 2007 were measured. Δ 9 -THC content in marijuana and hashish samples varied between 0.08% and 5.5%, with an average of 2.5%. The phenotypic ratio showed that the products were able to be designated as "drug type."

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Discrimination of legal and illegal Cannabis spp. according to European legislation using near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics

Duchateau

Kauffmann

Canfyn

et al. 2020

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Aerial parts containing cannabidiol can be purchased in a legal way but cannabis used as recreational drug is illegal in most European countries. Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol is one of the main cannabinoids responsible for the psychotropic effect. European Union countries and Switzerland authorize a concentration of THC of 0.2 % and 1.0 % w/w, respectively, for smoking products and industrial hemp. Public health inspectors and law enforcement officers need to check the legality of samples. Therefore there is a need for innovative approaches, allowing quality control of these products in an easy way and preferably on site. In many countries, cultivation of industrial hemp is permitted if the THC content does not exceed 0.2 % w/w. A portable equipment could be a useful measuring tool for farmers to check for the THC content at regular time. In this work, 189 samples were analysed with a benchtop and a handheld NIR device in order to create two classification methods according to European and Swiss laws. All samples were also analysed by GC‐FID to determine their THC concentration. Supervised analysis was applied in order to establish the best model. For the first classification, the accuracy was 91% for the test set with the benchtop data and 93 % for the test set with the handheld data. For the second classification, the accuracies were respectively 91 % and 95 %. The obtained models, hyphenating spectroscopic techniques and chemometrics, enable to discriminate legal and illegal cannabis samples according to European and Swiss laws.

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Quantitative GC-MS Analysis of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Fiber Hemp Varieties

Cited by 41 publications

References 7 publications

Innovative development and validation of an HPLC/DAD method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of major cannabinoids in cannabis plant material

Innovative development and validation of an HPLC/DAD method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of major cannabinoids in cannabis plant material

Cannabinoid contents in cannabis products seized in São Paulo, Brazil, 2006–2007

Discrimination of legal and illegal Cannabis spp. according to European legislation using near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics

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