Quantitative Evaluation of Reflexion Spectra of Living Tissues

Wodick, R.; Lübbers, D. W.

doi:10.1515/bchm2.1974.355.1.583

Cited by 25 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The spectrum of the fixed brain in the absence of NBT was similar to that reported by others from blood-free brain (Wodick and Lubbers, 1974;Jobsis et al, 1977). It showed peaks at 603, 540, and 520 nm, corresponding to the absorption peaks of cytochromes aa 3 , b, and c. No specrrophotometric evidence for the presence of hemoglobin in red cells retained in cerebral vessels was obtained.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Appearance of superoxide anion radical in cerebral extracellular space during increased prostaglandin synthesis in cats.

Kontos¹,

Wei²,

Ellis³

et al. 1985

Circulation Research

266

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SUMMARY. When increased prostaglandin synthesis was induced in anesthetized cats equipped with cranial windows by topical application of arachidonate (200 Mg/ml) or bradykinin (20 /xg/ ml), there was reduction of nitroblue terrazolium, resulting in deposition of the reduced insoluble form of this dye on the brain surface. The amount of reduced nitroblue terrazolium deposited on the brain surface was measured spectrophotometrically after fixation of the brain by perfusion with aldehydes to eliminate interference from hemoglobin. Topical application of 56 U/ml superoxide dismutase or 20 Mg/mJ indomethacin inhibited nitroblue terrazolium reduction by 76.5%-82.5% and by 78%-85.5%, respectively. These results show that most of the nitroblue terrazolium reduction was accounted for by superoxide anion radical generated in the course of arachidonate metabolism via the cyclooxygenase pathway. No superoxide production could be detected in the absence of arachidonate or bradykinin. Histological examination showed no evidence of parenchymal cellular damage or vascular damage and no accumulation of leukocytes. Pronounced leukocyte accumulation occurred 24 hours after topical arachidonate in rabbits with chronically implanted cranial windows. Superoxide appearance was reduced severely by 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbene disulfonate and phenylglyoxal, two specific inhibitors of the anion channel. The most likely explanation for these findings is that increased metabolism of exogenous or endogenous arachidonate via cyclooxygenase results in the appearance of superoxide anion radical in cerebral extracellular space. Superoxide crosses the membrane of undamaged cells via the anion channel. (Circ Res 57:142-151, 1985)

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Appearance of superoxide anion radical in cerebral extracellular space during increased prostaglandin synthesis in cats.

Kontos¹,

Wei²,

Ellis³

et al. 1985

Circulation Research

266

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“…Similarly, myoglobin and hemoglobin absorption cannot be separated in vivo in heart and skeletal tissue. The overlap of the spectra of myoglobin and cytochrome was analyzed quantita tively by the Kubelka-Munk theory of photon-diffusion (163). Conventional dual-wavelength spectrophotometry and multicomponent analysis give almost the same results (53, 70).…”

Section: Ultraviolet To Visible Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vivo Study of Tissue Oxygen Metabolism using Optical and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopies

Tamura¹,

Hazeki²,

Nioka³

et al. 1989

Annu. Rev. Physiol.

102

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INTRODUCTIONThis review summarizes several optical approaches for monitoring the tissue oxygenation state. These are correlated with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies of tissue energy metabolism. We focus here mainly on cardiac and brain tissues because of their high oxygen sensitivity. RESPIRATORY CHARACTERISTICS OF MITOCHONDRIARespiration rate is governed by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), inorganic phosphate (Pi), in particular oxygen as emphasized here, and by various other factors. These factors, in tum, govern the redox states of cytochrome a3 and pyridine nucleotide. Near equilibrium among phosphate potentials, pyridine nucleotide and cytochrome a3 was proposed for cell suspensions (118, 160) and has been tested analytically in isolated mitochondria, cell suspensions, 813 0066-4278/89/0315-0813$02.00 Annu. Rev. Physiol. 1989.51:813-834. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org Access provided by University of Zurich -Hauptbibliothek on 12/27/14. For personal use only. Quick links to online content Further ANNUAL REVIEWS 814 TAMURA ET AL and perfused organs at low [02] values (49, 168). However, the near equilibri um approach is now found to be inconsistent with MRS of in vivo and in vitro studies of the myocardium (101), and the kinetic control described below is preferred (see Equation 3).When the oxygen was limited and cytochrome largely reduced, respiration rate of mitochondria (130), shown in Equation 1, was tested over wide ranges of oxygen concentrations (1O-7 -1O-j � ) (33, 130) by using bacterial luminescence as a "gold standard" of oxygen indication (116). For an irreversible reaction of reduced cytochrome oxidase (a 2 + 3) with oxygen O 2 the rate is simply expressed:(1)where kj is the second order rate constant for the reaction of cytochrome oxidase and oxygen.The apparent Km value for oxygen is calculated from the quotient of the pseudo first order reaction velocity constant for the removal of the second electron from molecular oxygen, k3 over k\ (Km = K3/K\). The oxygen depende. nce of respiration rate and cytochrome a 2 + 3, shown in Equation 3,gives values of PSOa3 in active respiration with sufficient Pi and ADP (state 3) and resting respiration with sufficient Pi, but no ADP (state 4) (40). The redox state of the mitochondrial respiratory components has been well established under hypoxic conditions. The half maximal reduction of pyridine nucleotide, P 5oPN ' occurs at [02] of 0.08 J.tM in state 3 in vitro (140). Similarly, P 50 of cytochrome a + a3 occurs at 0.15 J.t M [02] in state 3 and at less than 0.041-tM [02] in state 4, which demonstrates the energy dependence of oxygen affinity. P50 of cytochrome c depends on the respiration rate ranging from 0.27 to 0.03 I-tM [02] in state 3 and state 4 respectively (117). There is a linear increase of the P50 for cytochrome c With increasing respiratory rate (130, 140). Critical [02] was found to be 0.09 J.tM for mitochondrial state 3 respiration (112, 116). Below this [02], insufficient ATP is generated and endogenous Ca 2 + is released f...

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“…However, the determi nation of absolute saturation values by reflection photom etry is difficult as optical properties of the skin are com plex [4][5][6]. Several evaluation methods are based on mea surements of distinct wavelengths [7,8], but absolute Sub values may be erroneous, which has been shown for mea surements applying only two or three wavelengths [9], Evaluation of a whole spectrum seems preferable [10]. Optical properties of animal tissues can be described by the two-flux theory of Kubelka and Munk [11], The complex relation between light transmission and light reflection established in this theory can be approximated by a relatively simple hyperbolic equation [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Reflection Spectrophotometry: Spatial and Temporal Variation of Hb Oxygenation in Human Skin

Caspary

Thum²,

Creutzig³

et al. 1995

Int J Microcirc

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Applying a fast scanning reflection spectrophotometer and multicomponent spectra analysis, oxygen saturation (S_Hb) and relative concentration (C_Hb) of hemoglobin in the skin were determined at eight skin sites in 11 healthy persons. S_Hb was significantly higher at the tip of the index finger and big toe (90 ± 3.9 and 92 ± 4.2%, respectively) compared with the forehead, volar forearm, back of hand, abdomen, calf and forefoot where mean values varied between 52 and 67% (p < 0.001). C_Hb also was higher at acral sites (big toe: 2.04 ± 0.14 arbitrary units (AU); index finger: 2.13 ± 0.19 AU) than at the other locations (p < 0.0001) where it was between 0.56 ± 0.12 AU (abdomen) and 0.95 ± 0.28 AU (forefoot). In the course of time, rhythmical oscillations of both parameters at a frequency of 3-5/min were seen in 68% of the measurements, predominantly at the six proximal sites. Heating the measuring site to 44 °C caused a biphasic increase of C_Hb and S_Hb which was significant at the proximal sites (p < 0.0001). S_Hb values came into the range of arterial blood. Temporal and spatial variation of both parameters decreased. Reflection spectrophotometry gives the possibility to directly assess dermal hemoglobin saturation, its physiological variability and reactions to provocation stimuli. Concentration and saturation of hemoglobin in dermal vessels appear definitely different at acral compared with proximal sites.

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Quantitative Evaluation of Reflexion Spectra of Living Tissues

Cited by 25 publications

References 2 publications

Appearance of superoxide anion radical in cerebral extracellular space during increased prostaglandin synthesis in cats.

Appearance of superoxide anion radical in cerebral extracellular space during increased prostaglandin synthesis in cats.

In Vivo Study of Tissue Oxygen Metabolism using Optical and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopies

Quantitative Reflection Spectrophotometry: Spatial and Temporal Variation of Hb Oxygenation in Human Skin

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