A precapillary O2 shunt reduces the pO2 of cortical nephrons. The pO2 is reduced further in SHRs because of less efficient O2 usage for Na+ transport.

The skin is the only organ besides the lungs that is directly exposed to atmospheric oxygen. Apart from the stratum corneum, oxygen is consumed in all layers of the epidermis and dermis. The oxygen demand is partially satisfied by the blood: the dermis exhibits a vasculature that is arranged in two tiers that are parallel to the skin surface. The superficial plexus between the papillary and the upper reticular dermis deep plexus in the lower reticular dermis are connected by perpendicularly orientated communicating vessels. Arcades of capillaries loop upwards into the papillae from the subpapillary plexus (Braverman, 1989). In contrast, the epidermis has no vasculature, but is exposed directly to the atmosphere. As early as 1851, Gerlach was able to show that human skin takes up oxygen from the atmosphere.

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The reduced pO2 in outer and inner cortex, and inefficient utilization of O2 for Na+ transport in the SHR kidney can be ascribed to the effects of AT1-R, largely independent of blood pressure.

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